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Explanatory tRcport 


At the regular quarterly meeting of the Board of Managers of this Society, held 
Apiil 21st, 1903, the subject was considered of offering prizes to the High Schools of 
our State for patriotic essays, and upon motion it was voted that a committee should 
be appointed with full power to act, consisting of the President, the Secretary and 
three members of the Society, to be appointed by the President, and the President then 
appointed Compatriots Loren W. Collins, Ell Torrance and James O. Pierce as mem¬ 
bers of such committee. 

Thereupon a letter of explanation was forwarded to the Principals of the one hun¬ 
dred and fifty-five accredited High Schools in the State, which called attention to one of 
the objects of the Society, viz: the fostering of patriotism among the pupils of our 
schools, and which named six subjects, any one of which might be chosen by each con¬ 
testant as the subject of his essay, viz: 

1. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

2. THE LIBERTY BELL. 

3. THE BATTLE OF TRENTON. 

4. SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 

5. WOMEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 

6. PAUL JONES. 

In each of the nine Congressional Districts three Public School Superintendents 
were appointed to act as a District Committee to whom should be sent, from each of 
the contesting High Schools of their District, five essays to be selected by a committee 
of three teachers appointed by the Principal of that school, and all of which essays 
were required to be written on January 15th, 1904, between the hours of 10 a. m. and 12 
m., under the supervision of an instructor of the school. 

Arrangements were made by which the contesting essays were so sealed and num¬ 
bered that the selected ones forwarded by the District Committees were sent to the 
judges—Professors W. W. West, W. I. Thomas and Maria Sanford, of the University of 
Minnesota—with the names of the writers unknown to either the judges or to this Com¬ 
mittee. 

This was to assure an award by these judges which should be absolutely unbiased. 

'These judges awarded the first position to the essay written by Miss Esther Chap¬ 
man of the East High School of Minneapolis, on the ‘‘Women of the Revolution;” the 
second position to the essay written by Mr. Willis T. Newton of the South High School 
of Minneapolis, on the ‘‘Surrender of Cornwallis,” and the third position to the essay 
written by Mr. Edwin Eklund of Moorhead, on ‘‘George Washington.” 

'The Committee selected as the First Prize an engraving, subject, “The Peace Ball.” 
which was presented to Miss Chapman for the East High School, Minneapolis, by Com¬ 
patriot James O. Pierce, at our afternoon exercises on Washington’s Birthday, and, on 
March 11th, 1904, presented by Miss Chapman to her school, which accepted it with 
appropriate exercises. 

The Second Prize, “Washington’s Farewell to the Army,” was presented to Mr. 
Willis T. Newton on March 11th, 1904, and by him presented to the South High School. 
Minneapolis, which received it with appropriate exercises. 

The Third Prize, “George Washington,” was presented in like manner to Mr. Edwin 
Eklund, and by him presented to his school, at Moorhead, which received it with ap¬ 
propriate exercises. 

Each of these prizes was, by the Committee, suitably framed with an engraved 
presentation plate attached, exhibiting the name of this Society, the subject of the 
successful essay and the name of the successful contestant. 

Respectfully submitted, 

FRANK G. M'MILLAN, President. 
LOREN W. COLLINS, 

ELL 'TORRANCE, 

JAMES O. PIERCE, 

REGINALD B. LEACH, Secretary. 


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IV 


1 


HON. JAMES C. HAYNES. 

First Vice-President Minnesota Society Sons of the American Revolution, Presiding. 


1. INVOCATION- 

REV. JOHN MAYHEW FULTON, D. D. 

2. MUSIC—“God Guard Columbia” - - i t‘ enr ^ C ,’ ^, C °° k ’ °‘ 

( Geo. Balch Nevin 

SCHOOL CHILDREN’S CHORUS. 

3. INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS— 

HON. JAMES C. HAYNES. 

4. MUSIC—“General Washington” - - - - H. C. Eldridge 

SCHOOL CHILDREN’S CHORUS. 


5. ADDRESS—“Scotland's Contribution to the American Revolution. 

REV. ALEXANDER McGREGOR, D. D. 


6. MUSIC—“Flower of Liberty” - 

SCHOOL CHILDREN’S CHORUS. 


\ Oliver Wendel Holmes 
I Leonard B. Marshall 


7. FIRST PRIZE ESSAY— 

MISS ESTHER CHAPMAN, East Side High School. Minneapolis. 


8. PRESENTATION OF THE FIRST PRIZE—“The Peace Ball” 

HON. JAMES O. PIERCE. 


9. MUSIC—“America” - - - Henry Carey 

SCHOOL CHILDREN’S CHORUS. 


10. BENEDICTION- 

REV. MAURICE D. EDWARDS, D. D. 


NOTE—The Chorus of 350 Children, from the Madison School, St. Paul, is under the 
direction of Miss Elsie M. Shawe, Supervisor of Music, St. Paul Public Schools. 


A 






Untroductory Bddress 

Compatriot James C. IHayncs. 



I see that your committee have seen fit to place your speaker 
at the head of the programme here, for a few introductory re¬ 
marks. or an “Introductory Address.” I know that we have 
something in store that is good and helpful, and I shall endeavor 
to be as brief as possible, saying a few words appropriate to 
this occasion. 1 certainly feel highly honored to be called upon 
to perform this task at this time. As a member of the society 
of the Sons of the American Revolution I have attended several 
of these occasions, and always with great interest and profit. 

I am one of those who believe, (as I feel that you must or 
you would not be here.) that perhaps the greatest theme that 
can occupy the thought and attention of both young and old is 
that of patriotism, and that there is no better way to consider 
that theme, in all its great import, than by the right considera¬ 
tion of the great character of human history, and especially 
of our own American history, the history of this land to which 
we belong, the history of this land where all our hopes and 
aspirations and interests are centered, the history of this land 
which we believe to be and hope shall become more and more 
a light unto the world. And when we assemble in this way we 
do ourselves the greatest honor. 

Nothing that you or I can say or do at this time can change 
the life and the memory which we are met to respect and to 
honor and to celebrate in one jot or title. The great Lincoln, 
.1. C. Haynes. whose birth we celebrated but a few days ago, another great 

patriot, one of the greatest,—of him we might say the same. 
We might say that of any patriotic soul that has lived and done 
its work here on earth. Nothing. I say, that we can say or do, 
can change the eternal fact of those lives. But what we say and do may shape our own lives, 
shape them immensely; and therefore I am a great believer in the influence and the powerful 
influence of occasions of this kind in moulding the sentiment of the young and reviving the 
sentiment of the old. 


1 want to say that if the Sons of the American Revolution had never done another thing 
except to institute this occasion they would have served a grand and glorious purpose. But 
they do other things. They meet and keep alive the fire of patriotism in their own hearts and 
among themselves. They bring to mind the great battles and the great events of revolutionary 
history and impress them again and again upon the popular mind. I have not time to point out 
to you, and I do not feel that it is necessary that I should, the value and the immense value, of 
that simple fact. 

Historians, biographers, orators, have all dealt with the life and character of Washington; 
and yet I do not suppose that any of them have ever touched the real life itself as it actually 
was. When I w r as a little boy, like these little fellows who have come here this afternoon to 
enjoy fhese exercises and take part in them. I remember how I used to look up to the great 
Washington and how I loved him. But what do you suppose I loved him for? Did I love 
him because he was the one who was the “Father of his Country” and therefore the father and 
the founder of free institutions? because he furnished me the school, you might say, w r here 
I could go and get an education and help myself to become a man among men? Why, no; 
I used to look up to and admire him because he stood six-feet-two or-three in his stockings 
and could jump twenty-one feet at a single bound! (laughter,) because he could go and fight 
the Indians,—and I wanted to go and fight Indians, too. (Laughter.) That was what made 
Washington great to me. He was a military hero, an Indian fighter, a good jumper, a good 
wrestler, a good horse-back rider. You remember how he rode that colt to death—all over 
the fulds, without saddie or bridle or anything, just rode that colt until he went right down 
dead. Of course he ought not to have gotten onto the colt, but it was a pet and full of 
life and activity, and the first thing he knew he found himself astride of that colt going up hill 
and down and he had no way of stopping the animal. Well, those were the things that ex¬ 
cited my admiration. We used to read that story to one another. (My little friends, I am 
not making this speech altogether for these old people.) Then we used to read that story, 
which you will recollect, about the cherry tree. Did you ever hear that story? (Laughter.) 
I don’t think I need to repeat it. And I thought that was a wonderful boy—that couldn’t 
tell a lie—I could, (laughter), but 1 saw. when very young, that it was not the best thing to do, 
and I have learned, as I grow older, that no matter how smart we may think a lie is in the 
beginning, it always gets us into trouble in the end. 


“Oh, what a tangled web we weave, 
When first we practice to deceive!” 


So Washington was all right, even from the boy’s standpoint, and we always looked up to 
him as such a magnificent specimen of physical manhood. 

But. as I got to be older. I found there was something greater about Washington than those 
things. He was a man who had an intense purpose and a purpose that was great. His pur¬ 
pose was to be an honest, useful citizen and a good man. When he was only sixteen he wrote 
that book, you know, about “Rules of Politeness and Courtesy,” he was one of the most polite 
men that ever lived, a perfect gentleman, not only at heart but in form. He studied those 
things he believed in them, and his purpose. I say, was intense. Now', if you little folks have 
got anything to think about it is that. As you get a little older begin to think about things and 
have the intense purpose to be a good man and a good woman, a useful man and a useful 
woman. You will find a hundred different ways to do that, and the one that may puzzle you 
the most wfill be where to put yourself so you can be of the most use and do the most good; 

but put yourselves somewhere. . , . ....... 

I heard a bov talking the other day about how he had been cheating the teacher. Why, 
he “cribbed” alf along the line; he had had a great time getting through and he w f as going 
to pass and he hadn’t learned anything. Cheating the teacher! don’t you believe it; no 
teacher was ever cheated yet. It is the bov who has cheated himself; that is where the cheat¬ 
ing comes in It will only be a question of a few years when the boy or the girl who tries to 


♦All addresses stenographically reported by Mr. George N. Hillman. 



-heat the teacher will find that, after all, he or she is the one who is cheated; and I know of 
nothing that is so perfectly disgusting to one’s own soul as to wake up and find out that you 
have been cheated by yourself. 

Washington never did that sort of thing. He w’ent to work, and by the time he was six¬ 
teen years of age he was a surveyor. Talk about your Young America—a surveyor who could 
go out and make official surveys. When he was nineteen he was a good Indian fighter, w’ho 
could go out and see that the enemy were kept off. He didn’t go out to fight just because he 
loved it; he went to fight because he thought the people must be defended against those French 
and Indians off around the woods up through the Alleghenies; he didn’t fight for the love of 
the fighting, he fought for the love of truth, for the love of right, for the love of civilization. 

I could go on and talk to you boys and girls for a long time about these things. I am not 
talking so much now to the older people as I am to the boys and girls. I taught school for 
a number of years, and I used to like the boys and girls, and they used to like me pretty well, 
too. and there is no kind of people I like to talk to any better, because I know they are 
ready to listen to me. These older people here have got so far along that there is not much 
use talking to them, anyway, (laughter) their ideas are fixed; but just remember the one or two 
things I have told you. I want to emphasize that, because I believe that is the essence of 
patriotism. 

Now, we are here to-day to encourage our patriotism, w T e are here to-day to help make these 
young people and these old people better citizens, and that is patriotism. 

It is a great thing, when there is a war pending, for a man to go out and jeopardize his 
precious life and his health for his country; we honor the men who have done it and we hold 
meetings and praise their lives and celebrate the great events which they had to do with. But 
let me tell you, w r e can’t have wars on tap all the time in order for men to become great citi¬ 
zens and patriots. Once in a while they come along, and then we have our opportunity, but 
here in this country wars are far apart—we hope; and now, how are you going to be a patriot 
when there is no war and when you can’t go out and fight Indians or anybody? Well, I’ll tell 
you how to be a patriot w’hen there is no war, and that is to live for your country; in your 
daily life simply do as Washington did, fit yourselves to be good citizens. He commenced when 
he was a mere boy to fit himself to be a good citizen and a useful man and he became one. 
When they wanted a man to go out and fight the French and Indians, he was ready; when 
they wanted some surveying done off in the wilderness for Ford Fairfax. Washington was 
ready, because he had prepared himself. Prepare yourselves, boys and girls, if you want to 
be good and patriotic citizens, for some useful place in life. That is all there is to patriotism 
when there is no war around. 

And when the war was over and they wanted a man to whom all could look for support 
and advice, when they were trying to frame a constitution or a set of rules and by-laws, 
such as we have sometimes in school, Washington was the man unanimously chosen to preside. 
He was ready because his experience and his life had fitted him for that high position. 

And through all this what else do we know of him? He was modest all the time. He 
never sought to project himself, in a brazen way, where he did not belong; he always w r aited 
until the people came forward and said, “Here is something to be done and nobody can do it 
so w'ell as George Washington.’’ That w’as true w’hen he was called to be commander-in- 
chief; and I want to say, alike to my young and my old friends, that as I have measured the 
character of Washington I have always felt with those who undertook to say that he was to 
some extent, possibly, an accident; that he had men all around him as great or greater: Jef¬ 
ferson could write a better declaration of independence, Franklin was a greater philosopher, 
Adams was perhaps a greater statesman. Patrick Henry was a greater orator. What was there 
about Washington that was great? What was it that made the great men do homage to 
Washington? It was the tremendous personality of the man. The minute that his strong 
face, his erect carriage, his great soul, appeared before a congregation, they immediately bowed 
to the personality of the man. And so he was unanimously chosen to head the armies of the 
colonies in defence of the right and to lead in the founding of this great republic where we 
have our homes and enjoy our liberties. 

In conclusion, I want to congratulate the Sons of the American Revolution upon having 
instituted this occasion. I want to congratulate the hard-working members of these commit¬ 
tees who sacrifice their time and energy in bringing about this occasion each year and pre¬ 
paring and presenting the programme. I want to congratulate the people of these two cities, 
especially those of this city, in having such an occasion here in your midst. 

I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for your kind attention, and especially the boys and girls 
for theirs. (Applause.) 



ORGAN PRELUDE—1:45 P. M. 


1. Cod Ouard Columbia. 

l. 

Almighty Lord of all, 

The nations rise and fall 
At thy command. 

Our Father’s staff and stay, 
Keep Thou their children’s way! 
God guard Columbia, 

Our fatherland! 


2 . 

What time the clouds of woe, 
Hung o’er us dark and low, 
Thou, Lord, wast near, 
Still be our staff and stay. 
Hear Thou Thy people pray; 
God guard Columbia. 

Our country dear! 


3. 

Hold in Thy mighty hand 
Our troops by sea and land, 

In fort and field! 

Give them to do and dare; 

In days of danger spare, 

And guard them by Thy care, 
O God, our shield! 


We bless thee for the hand 
That led the hero band, 

Who made us free; 

For every valiant son 
Whose life our freedom won, 
O God of Washington, 

We honor Thee! 


2. (General {Washington. 


l. 

The hist’ry of our native land 
Is filled with deeds of heroes bold. 
Who scorned to bow the knee to kings, 
Or sell their liberty for gold; 

First of them all came Washington, 
Who fought the battles of the free. 
Who ruled the land with wisdom great, 
And raised the flag of liberty. 


HERBERT FOSTER SPRAGUE 


3. Cbe jflower of liberty. 

l. 

What flower is this that greets the morn, 
Its hues from heav’n so freshly born? 

With burning star and flaming hand 
It kindles all the sunset land: 

O, tell us what its name may be— 

Is this the Flow’r of Liberty? 

It is the banner of the free, 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 

It is the banner of the free, 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 


2 . 

Behold its streaming rays unite 
One mingled flood of braided light. 

The red that fires the Southern rose, 

With spotless white from Northern snows, 
And spangled o’er its azure, see 
The sister Stars of Liberty! 

Then hail the banner of the free. 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 

Then hail the banner of the free, 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 


3. 

Thy sacred leaves, fair Freedom’s flow’r. 
Shall ever float on dome and tow’r, 

To all their heavenly colors true 
In black’ning frost and crimson dew, 

And God love us as we love thee, 

Thrice holy Flow r ’r of Liberty! 

Then hail the banner of the free. 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 

Then hail the banner of the free. 

The starry Flow’r of Liberty! 


4. Bmerica. 


l. 

My country, ’tis of thee 
Sweet land of liberty 
Of thee I sing; 

Land where my fathers died. 
Land of the Pilgrim’s pride, 
From every mountain side, 
Let freedom ring. 


2 .* 


His life he risked in freedom’s cause 
In battle’s thickest part he fought. 

And all through life in war or peace 
Great deeds of sacrific he wrought. 

Now many a year has fleeted by 
Since that great day when by his hand. 
Oppression’s chains were cast away 
And “Freedom” rang through all the land. 


2 . 

My native country, thee, 

Land of the noble free— 

Thy name I love; 

I love thy rocks and rills. 

Thy woods and templed hills, 
My heart with rapture thrills 
Like that above. 


3. 


3. My father’s God to thee, 

Author of liberty, 

This is the name we sing to-day. To thee we sing; 

George Washington, the general great. Long may our land be bright. 

Who led our sires to victory. With freedom’s holy light, 

And won success from adverse fate. Protect us by thy might, 

In native worth and greatness rich. Great God, our King. 

His justice tempered mild with love. 

He feared and honored God on earth; 

God took him to his home above. 


9 9 


*See page 


‘Cbe IXHomen of Cbe ^Revolution” 



Esther Chapman. 


jfirst iprizc JSssay IBy 

Esther Chapman 

Cast Side IHIgb School, Minneapolis 

The words, ‘‘Colonial Dame,” bring before our minds a 
charming picture. A tall, stately figure in a wonderful gown 
of pale blue satin, sits before the old, mahogany spinnet. The 
mellow light of late afternoon falls through the diamond panes 
and snowy draperies, and rests caressingly upon the white 
fingers as they wander over the ivory keys. The fair, pa¬ 
trician head, with its crown of powdered hair, the white throat, 
encircled with a band of pearl, the little, high-heeled, silver- 
buckled slippers speak of grace and loveliness and dignity. 
The bowl of yellow' roses on the spinnet mingle their fragrance 
with the delicate odor of lavender that breathes from the folds 
of her gown. The last notes of the old ballad she is singing 
linger a moment, then die away. 

Now speak the words “Woman of the Revolution.” There 
comes to us the interior of a Colonial kitchen. Upon the table 
are ranged the pewter plates, mugs and spoons, many of them 
precious heirlooms, w T hich belong to the family. These are to 
be melted and fashioned into bullets for the guns of husband, 
brother and sons. By the window is a heap of snowy linen, 
from which soft bandages are to be made to bind many a 
bloody wound. Before the spinning-wheel sits a woman, spin¬ 
ning, spinning, spinning. She wears an old gray gown of 
homespun, her smooth brown hair, parted evenly, falls over 
her blue-veined temples. Not a ribbon, not a single ornament 
relieves the plainness of her dress. With feverish haste, she 
bends over her work, her eyes burning, her head throbbing. 
There are dear ones at bleak Valley Forge, who are suffering 
for the clothing she must make. 

Is this heroic woman at the spinning-wheel the beautiful lady in satin gown? Did 
she ever dance the minuet, clad in silk and velvet, bowing low over her fan to her gal¬ 
lant, beruffled partner? 

She is the very same. The call of war has transformed the stately Colonial dame 
into a firm, courageous, unflinching woman, the true “Daughter of the Revolution.” 

Let us now pass into the churchyard and look at the names on the crumbling grass- 
grown stones. This marble monument bears the words. “General Washington.” Close 
by, on another stone, we read, “General Warren.” Next is “Israel Putnam,” and not far 
away we see the martyr name of “Nathan Hale.” 

Then are long row’s of lesser heroes, less in fame, though not in soldierly courage. 
“Died in his country’s service at Lexington,” “Laid dow r n his life at Concord,” “Killed in 
the battle at Trenton,” over and over meet our sight. 

These men were brave and true. They died for their country’s freedom. But what 
about the women left at home? Were they not heroic, too? The question comes to us, 
“Could the army of Washington have been victorious if the army of women at home had 
not toiled day and night, preparing food, clothing, comfort and cheer for those at the 
front? Is it not, indeed, harder, does it not require more courage, to sit at home with 
anxiety for loved ones gnawing at the heart, than to be away in the excitement and ac¬ 
tion of battle? If the truth were told, these brave women at home, cheerfully sending 
husbands and sons to sacrifice them for liberty, working in the fields with tender hands, 
unused to labor spinning yarn for suffering soldier’s comfort, denying themselves every 
luxury, nay. even necessity, with hearts bleeding for those far away, these women, I say, 
had as large a part in the saving of our country, as Washington’s brave soldier boys. 

So, when w’e name the heroes of the Revolution, let us no. forget the heroines. 

But, besides this army of devoted women, whose names we never knew, or soon for¬ 
got. w r ere others whose deeds are w'ritten in history, side by side with those of Wash¬ 
ington. Marion and Greene. 

Who has not heard of Molly Pitcher, at Monmouth, firing the gun from which her 
husband’s dead hands dropped? 

Who has not learned in childhood of brave Emily Geiger, the heroine of Carolina? 
She it was who carried a message to Sumter through miles of forest, when no man 
dared to go. The British challenged her. and, suspicious, locked her in the jail. And 
while they went for some one to search her she hastily learned the message, and ate the 
paper, piece by piece. With profuse apologies they let her go. but long will the British 
rue the day when Emily Geiger passed on to Sumter! 

Then there was the gentle Quaker lady, Mrs. Robert Murray. She knew that Israel 
Putnam -was leading his weakened division down the road just as the British were com¬ 
ing up. Mrs. Murray met the red-coats at her gate and invited them to rest on her lawn 
and have refreshments. The day was hot, and the officers were tempted. The brave lady 
kept them and entertained them till Putnam’s division had passed by. Once more a 
woman’s wit had saved the American cause. 

At Concord there was another woman-hero. Old Dame Batherik. white-haired and 
wrinkled, -was -working in her garden. Suddenly she heard firing and. shading her eyes 
with her hands, she saw the smoke of battle. Grasping her musket, she started forward 
A squad of King’s soldiers burst from a thicket. Levelling her gun. she cried: 

“Halt, advance not another step if you value your lives!” And she marched them before her 
in ignominious defeat, to a neighbor’s house. 

The names of other “Women of the Revolution” come to mind. There w’ere Betsy 
Ross, who made the first “Stars and Stripes,” Lydia Darrah. who walked twenty-five miles 
to warn Washington at White Marsh, big Nancy Hart, the “Heroine of Georgia ” who 
commanded a fort manned with women, and many others equally brave 

All honor to the “Women of the Revolution!” These women who put away their 
pearls and fans and flowered gowns at the command of liberty, and in homespun toiled 
unceasingly for their country’s sake. Let us never forget their heartaches and hardship 
endured so nobly. But let us rather remember them with pride akin to reverence and 
holy admiration, both those whose deeds are sung in historv, and those who though nn 
known and unhonored, were the force that kept hope and life and never-failing courage 
in the glorious “War for Independence.” courage 





THE PEACE BALL. 

Half-tone of First Prize, won by Miss Esther Chapman. East Side High School, Minneapolis. Subject of Essay:—‘‘The Women of the Revolution. 

























Ipresentation of the jfirst iprize 


Compatriot James fl>icrcc. 


Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, fellow-citizens who 
are honoring Washington's birthday on this occasion: The 
exercises of this day may be taken as a fair index of the ob¬ 
jects, aims and purposes which control, and the sentiments 
which animate, the members of the Minnesota Society of Sons 
of the American Revolution. 

Our idea of the proper celebration of this day is that it 
shall be used as a holiday for the purpose of extending and 
perpetuating patriotic interest in the history of our coun¬ 
try, among all classes of our citizens. Our appeal goes forth 
to the business world, and to the heads of families; but the 
business world is so engaged, in these workaday times, and the 
heads of families have such special duties, that our appeal 
largely reaches only the children of the public schools of the 
state, and we are gratified that we have that class who can 
listen to this appeal and who will respond in the manner today 
indicated. 

Our appeal to them has been made as broad as the demo¬ 
cratic purposes and tendencies of our society could suggest; 
we have sent it forth, as you have been already advised, to all 
the high schools in the state, 155 in number. We obtained 
about 300 responses,—a small number, you will say. Yes, but 
we are trying to show you by the quality of these responses 
that there is no occasion for disappointment in the event. 

A large number of the high schools in the state contributed. 
They were divided, by the congressional districts of the state, 
into nine different classes, and in order to carry out this demo¬ 
cratic principle of which I have spoken, each of those con¬ 

gressional districts assembled together the officers of its schools, 
the three essays from that congressional district which they 
would submit to the judges at the centre of the state; and the Society itself knew nothing 
about who should write those papers or what papers should be written. Seven congressional 
districts participated and contributed twenty-one essays. These were submitted, without 
name or address, to the judges at the University of Minnesota. Three professors of the 
University, Profs. West, Thomas and Sanford, acted as our judges—persons not connected 
with this society, and not connected with the scholars, but asked to occupy and occupying 
the position of impartial arbiters on the question, which were the best three papers out of 

the twenty-one that were submitted, and thus they were the ones who have awarded these 

prizes, and not ourselves. 

I mention this to let you know the general character of this enterprise, and the object 
at which we are aiming, namely, to enlist and enhance, and, if possible, perpetuate, the in¬ 
terest of the pupils in the high schools in their country’s history. I wish to say further, 
that this is but the first such contest. We shall follow it with others. In order to present 
the same attractive subject matter to children who have not yet reached the high schools, 
we shall come before those schools hereafter with contests of this kind. 

We submitted this year several subjects from which each student who should compete 
for a prize might select the particular subject upon which he individually should write, 

and three of these subjects are very fitly represented, as it happens, in the three prizes which 

the winners have secured. 

Bfy a happy accident, possibly a chapter of accidents, it results that there is a harmony 
between the picture which we selected as the subject of the prize, and the subject of the 
essay which wins the prize, in each instance; and that is a pleasing feature for which the 

Society can claim no credit; on the contrary, we wish the credit of it to be given, by all 

our hearers and all who shall read these papers, to the inspiration of the occasion felt by the 
pupils who have competed for these prizes. It was simply by one of these happy accidents 
that this first prize, the subject of which is “The Peace Ball,” should be won by a young 
woman who wrote upon “The Women of the Revolution.” It was by another happy accident 
that the second prize, which we offered as the picture of “Washington’s Farewell to the 
Army,” should be won, and without the judges who awarded it knowing what the prize 
was to be, by a young man from the South High School at Minneapolis, whose subject was 
“The Surrender of Cornwallis.” And by another happy accident, the young man who wrote 
upon the subject of “George Washington,” and whose essay was esteemed to be one of the 
best three furnished, was to receive as a prize, though we did not know his topic until later, 
this handsome picture of his own subject.—“George Washington.” 

We submitted other subjects. I mention this in order that the school children may not 
suppose that all possible subjects for such essays have been exhausted. On the contrary, we 
have simply opened the campaign. We submitted among many other subjects,—“John' Paul 
Jones,” who has been so eulogized in the proceedings of today; and also the “Battle of 
Trenton,” a battle often thought to be insignificant in the revolutionary contest, but one 
which we thought so significant and so important, that the date of it has been adopted in 
this society as the day which shall stand as our anniversary, and be set apart for the annual 
meeting of the society. That battle is sometimes thought of particularly by the young, as 
merely a matter of interesting romance. Children are apt to be most interested in the cir¬ 
cumstance, that Washington on this occasion crossed the Delaware at night, with his men 
in boats and batteaus, through the blocks of floating ice, in order to reach the other shore 
and attack the enemy. But what is sometimes called a little engagement, this societv es¬ 
teems as one of the most significant in the whole series, because it was the occasion 'when 
the tide of disappointment was turned, when despondency which was almost merging into 
despair, was here changed into the fruition of encouragement and hope. It was only three 
days before this battle that there had gone out to the people a paper entitled “The Crisis,” 
written by Thomas Paine, the beginning of which is the sentence, “These are the times that 
try men’s souls;” and the people of America were responding without delay and saying each 
to the other, “Yes, these are the times that are trying our souls.” Within three days from 
that utterance, Washington had crossed the Delaware and won the battle of Trenton, and 
the tide was turned, and now there was an advance in the progress of the conduct of the 
war on the part of the Americans. Washington had at that time but 2,400 men in his whole 
army w r hich he could use effectively. Now' for the first time the transcendent light of Wash- 



J. O. Pierce. 


and they themselves selected 




ington’s genius seemed to pierce the universal gloom, and to begin to illuminate the clouds 
that hovered over the infant republic. Within ten days he had an army of 5,000 men, and the 
battle of Trenton was fought and won, and then it began to be acknowledged that he was a 
genius. There are occasions like this in the history of the revolutionary war, which here¬ 
after we shall wish to submit to the high schools of the state in future prize essay contests; 
and we hope for a larger and more extensive response, and a greater interest among pupils 
in the history of our country, especially its revolutionary history, and for other papers to be 
presented, which perhaps shall not exceed in value any of these of today, but which shall 
be equally interesting and illustrative of other phases of that war. We wish to thus enlist 
a larger constituency iri this study of the history of our country. But with the papers of 
today, see what a wealth of subjects have been treated already, in this first effort! “Wash¬ 
ington,” the hero of the whole era of the revolutionary war, the man whose memory we es¬ 
pecially honor today, represented in this patriotic essay which has won the third prize upon 
our list. “The Surrender of Cornwallis,” that final act in the great drama when Washington’s 
genius was fully acknowledged, and when the knightly Cornwallis himself, who was enter¬ 
tained by the generous Washington at a dinner party in company with the successful generals 
of the French and American Armies, and the unsuccessful generals of his own army, courte¬ 
ously and handsomely toasted Washington, saying to him that “when fame came to make up 
the history of the great revolutionary war, she would award to Washington the praise, that 
he had gathered his chiefest laurels not upon the shores of the Chesapeake but upon the 
banks of the Delaware,”—that incident, “The Surrender of Cornwallis.” illustrated in this 
pictorial paper which has won this second prize now exhibited here, “Washington’s Farewell 
to the Army.” Best of all, this essay which has won the first prize,—how we have been 
charmed by the grace of the diction of that beautiful comment noon those noble dames, 
“The Women of the Revolution!” The members of this society are grateful to this essayist, 
and in recognition of this we are now' to commit to her, for purposes which shall be ex¬ 
plained, this our favorite picture. It is awarded not to her personally, but to her school. 

Each of these prizes is destined for the school which is represented by the successful con¬ 

testant; and while this may seem to some a rather churlish mode of awarding a prize, yet 
it has been the object of this Society to dissociate the essayist from personal ownership of 
the prize, to make it a gift to the school, and to give to the essayist the feeling that he or 
she is w’orking, not for self, but for the interests of the school to w r hieh the student is attached. 
It is in that aspect that I have now to present this prize to the school which is represented 

by this young lady, whose essay you have heard with so much pleasure this afternoon. 

Miss Chapman, you have honored us by the warm encomiums w'hich you have be- 

stow'ed in this paper upon the memory of those Spartan women, our great-grandmothers 
of the revolutionary era. You have voiced our sentiments and feelings, and it gives us great 

pleasure that we are able to award the first prize on this occasion to a young woman of our 

public schools, and to one w r ho has written upon a subject, w'hich (as has already been said) 
is too often overlooked. 

We could not magnify if w r e w r ould the value or the importance of the revolutionary 
cause, or of the services or the sufferings of those whom you have so handsomely com¬ 
memorated; and it is an additional pleasure to us that in this prize which w r e are now 
presenting, you have before you the portraits of some of those women and also of some 
of those men of revolutionary fame, who were so gracefully alluded to in your paper. 

We have now a further honor to ask at your hands. This prize is destined for the school 
which you have so ably represented in this contest. We ask you to be our messenger. Take 
it to your school; ask the officers of your school to place the picture upon its walls; bring 
your fellow-students before it. and at their convenience and in your own way present it to 
the school, and say to them for us that we commit this picture to their keeping, in the hope 
that it may prove to be an incentive and encouragement to the adoption of that same 

spirit of study into our revolutionary era that you have shown, by the paper w'hich you 
have read to us today, has animated your work, and ask them if they will not all take 
the same interest that you have exhibited in these patriotic researches. 

And may God grant that your high school and each other high school in the state 
may ever be a home of patriotism and a fountain of patriotic principle and endeavor. 


imi88 Chapman: 

I thank you for this beautiful picture, and I also thank the other members of the Minnesota 
Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. In the name of the students of the East High 
School of Minneapolis, I thank you for your generous gift, and not only for the gift itself, but 
also for the motive that prompted it,—to arouse a deeper interest in the history of our country. 

You have given this picture to the East High School of Minneapolis, but all the high 
schools of Minnesota will be better for your patriotic action. Again I thank you. (Great 
applause.) 




(presentation of the ISetsy tRoss Jflag. 

Compatriot John i£apy. 


The lateness of the hour precludes the possibility of my 
attempting: a discussion of the origin of the American flag 
at this time, but at some future occasion I will consent to do 
so should it be the wish of this Society. 

In accordance with the instructions of this Society, I 
have the great pleasure and honor to report that I have 
succeeded in securing a facsimile of the first American flag, 
made by Mrs. Rachel Albright of Fort Madison, Iowa, grand¬ 
daughter of “Betsy Ross.” If you will carefully examine this 
flag you will be surprised to find that it is most beautifully 
and artistically made, and that the inscription, “First Flag 
Made in 1777,'by Betsy Ross. This copy of the original flag 
made in March. 1904, by Rachel Albright, grand-daughter of 
Betsy Ross aged 91 years and seven months.” in her own 
beautiful handwriting, were actually executed by her as I have 
sein her usmg both the needle and the pen. 

That she is the grand-daughter of ‘‘Betsy Ross” cannot be 
disputed: as any one can verify these statements, as I have, 
by examining the Claypool genealogy. 

It was. one of the most interesting events of my life to 
receive from her own lips her recollections of the making of 
the first American flag by her grand mother, “Betsy Ross,” 
who was a noted expert in the use of the needle; and during 
the twenty-three years that she lived cotemporaneously with 
her, she was taught by her this beautiful art of needle w r ork. 
ns you behold it in this most interesting memento. Her edu¬ 
cation, her refinement and culture, her modest and Quaker- 
like appearance with a memory unimpaired by age, impressed 
me most deeply. 

I improved this opportunity to learn from her the facts of the origin of our flag, and it 
was her statements that led me to believe that we are making a mistake by claiming that 
we owe it principally to the Washington Coat of Arms. 

Determined to ascertain the correctness of these statements, last year, I visited very 
many of the Eastern libraries and armories, and my investigations and researches confirmed 
these impressions. 

How very thankful I am that my great desire to visit that great temple of patriotism, 
the “Betsy Ross Mansion” was gratified. This building in a good state of preservation, 
located in the very business center of Philadelphia, is owned by the Betsy Ross Memorial 
Association; and when the sum of $25,000.00, now nearly made up by ten cent membership 
fees to said association, is paid for the property, then it is to be conveyed to the United 
States government to be preserved as one of our most interesting historical memorials. 

As I entered the front room, originally the store room, now used as a historical museum. 
I was most cordially greeted by John Quincy Adams, the custodian, a lineal descendant of 
that grand old patriot Samuel Adams. 

Being ushered into that historic shrine in which the angel of patriotism first unfolded the 
great American emblem, in which woman’s loyalty and inspiration was to be forever blended 
within its sacred folds. I was most solemnly and deeply impressed as I recalled that grand 
event w T hich occurred for the first time in the presence of the congressional committee, con¬ 
sisting of George Ross, grand-father of Betsy Ross, and one of the signers of the Declaration 
of Independence, Robert Morris, the financier of the revolution, and George Washington, the 
great American general,—the presentation of the first American flag: 



Maj. John Espy. 


“When Freedom, from her mountain height. 

Unfurl’d her standard to the air; 

She tore the azure robe of night. 

And set the stars of glory there! 

She mingled w r ith its gorgeous dyes, 

The milky baldric of the skies. 

And striped its pure, celestial white, 

With the streakings of the morning light; 
Then from his mansions in the sun. 

She called her eagle bearer down, 

And gave into his mighty hands. 

The symbol of her chosen land. 



“£be Surrender of Cornwallis” 

Second ipriic J£ssay 


n y 


Ulillis C. IRewton 

South Side IHigh School, Uttinncapolis 


On the seventeenth of October, 1781, Cornwallis, hemmed 
in on all sides by Washington and de Grasse, had signified 
his desire for surrender. He had been cooped up in the town 
of York by “the boy” LaFayette, and had been stayed in his 
prison by the same boy till Washington and Rochambeau, and 
de Grasse appeared upon the scene. And now he was forced to 
surrender to Washington. It was four years to a day from 
that other surrender of an English army to an American—when 
Burgoyne had given up his sword to Gates. Surely history 
had been making, surely history was now repeating itself. On 
the eighteenth negotiations were completed. The terms were 
the same as given by Cornwallis and his superior, Clinton, to 
Lincoln at Charleston, but eighteen months before. 

And now it was the nineteenth. When the sun rose that 
morning, shamed at the sight of Britain bowing her head to a 
conqueror, he had veiled his face in a cloud. Dark and 

gloomy it looked to the proud Britons in York. They had 
never seen the cloud before. To them it was a shadow over 
the sun of British supremacy. There was mourning in the 
camp of the vanquished. Without in the plain each patriot 
found a bright silver lining on the edge of the cloud, and its 
face appeared rosy in hue. To them the shadow w r as just 
passing from the sun of their freedom it had covered so long. 
There was rejoicing in the camp of the victors. There was 
rejoicing, too. throughout all the country-side. The country 
foik awoke that morning to a sense of joy such as they had not 
felt for many long weary years. It reminded them to har¬ 
ness up the old carriages, to ride down to York to see the proud red-coats humbled in the dust. 
All roads led to York, and all those roads were full; hundreds upon hundreds streamed in from 
every highway and every byway. Here came an old man and his three daughters. His two 
sons had been w'ith Lincoln in Charleston, now' they are with Lincoln in York. Then, defeat 
and disgrace, now victory and glory. Here came a mother, here a sister, and here a lad of 
ten, w r ith great tales of deeds he should do when he became a big soldier like brother. The 
great throng filled the plain without the tow r n, and from within the town swarmed out others, 
all bent on seeing the great and fateful spectacle. 

Meanw r hile the sun has reached its zenith and passed dow r n w'ell on its w T ay to the 
west. Over yonder In the allied camps one hears strains of music. It is a medley. The 
martial strains of the Marseillaise blend gradually into the jovial measures of ‘‘Yankee 
Doodle.” It is near four o’clock. From the town floats out another tune, contrasting 
strangely with the medley, yet harmonizing well. The Englishmen are piping plaintively 
the ‘‘World’s Upside Down.” How true it must seem to them. Yonder the lines of the 
allies are forming. A mile long stretches the white and gold of France. Two rods away, 
and a mile long stretches the blue and buff of the patriots. White banners float side 
by side with our noble stripes and stars. At the head of the line sits Washington on his 
horse, immobile, Lincoln at his right hand. Rochambeau heads the French line, La Fay¬ 
ette, rides at the head of the Americans. 

A cry arrests the attention of all. ‘‘Look! here come the red-coats.” All eyes 

turn to the tow*n, straining to see. Forth issues a long, sinuous line of red. On they 

come, gradualy assuming shape. Slowly and reluctantly they move, as if measuring 
every step. Now r they are abreast the foot of the conquering line. The band is in the 
van still playing their mournful ‘‘The World’s Upside Down." Then come the officers 
on their steeds, the beasts themselves hanging their heads as if they, too, felt the dis¬ 
grace of it all. How sad the officers look, as they remember how much it all means to 
the cause. In single file follow' the men, their arms at carry, their banners furled 
Their eves are riveted to the ground, they regret with scorn that they must needs surren¬ 
der to a band of ill-kept militia and a pack of scoundrel French. 

They have reached the head of the line and have stopped. One does not see their 

commander. The Earl, sick at heart, is unable to leave his tent. An officer rides forth. 
It is O’Hara. Straight up to Washington he rides. Choking down his grief he hands 
the sword of his superior to the conqueror. The great general passes it on to Lincoln, 
Lincoln, through no fault of his own. had been forced to give up his own sword but a 
little before. Now' the brave man takes it unsheaths it, then replaces it in its scabbard 
and returns it to O’Hara. The gallant Irishman can not restrain his tears as he takes it back. 

Twenty-five standards, furled forever, are stacked up at the head of the line. One 
by one the soldiers lay down their arms and file back and around again. Artillery is 
deposited at another end of the field. At last when every weapon is laid down, and every 
man back in his place, we look upon the glorious scene. We hear someone at our side 
speaking: 

‘‘What an imposing spectacle. On the western horizon, the sun is just setting. It 
sheds its glory on the waters of the bay there. Silhouetted against the gold and pink 
of the sunset ride the French ships, their guns booming the glad tidings. The waters of 
the bay, calm and peaceful are lit up with gold. In the plain there is that long line of 
white, our brave allies. On this side is the blue of our own own men. ‘‘Old Glory” 
floats out in all his splendor. The setting sun gleams on the gorgeous red of the Brit¬ 
tons their stacked-up arms are glittering. That sunset is the setting of the sun of 
British supremacy in America. But another sun is rising, the sun of our freedom. May 
God grant that it never set!” 





WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL TO THE ARMY. 

Half-tone of Second Prize, won by Mr. Willis T. Newton. South Side High School. Minneapolis. Subject of Essay:—“The Surrender of Cornwallis. 

































































































Scotland's Contribution to the Bmcrlcan tRovolutlon 


1Rev. Rlexandcr IRlcOrcgor, fl>b, E>. 


Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls: The best eulogy of 
Washington I ever read or heard was that spoken by William 
Gladstone—the greatest Englishman of his day, for more than 
fifty years a leader in the politics of England. He said: “If 
I were shown a number of pedestals for the great and good men 
of the earth and one pedestal higher than all the rest, and I 
were asked to name a man worthy of that highest pedestal. I 
would say now, as I would have said for fifty years, ‘George 
Washington for the highest pedestal for man!’ ” 

There gathered around Washington many influences to en¬ 
courage him: many forces that made possible the revolution, 
and though he stands before us as the epitome of nobility, of 
purity, of statesmanship, of generalship, the most magnificent 
man of his age. and, perhaps, in some ways, of any age, there 
are some unwritten things, and I have taken one phase, of that 
unwritten history to talk a little to you this afternoon,—Scot¬ 
land’s contribution to that revolution. 

The science of government is a study full of interest from 
every standpoint of investigation. The nature and genius of a 
government cannot be w r ell understood except we understand 
the forces that make for that institution. The formation of the 
government of this land of ours I think is the grandest thing 
in human history. The principles that made possible our con¬ 
stitution had been proclaimed for centuries in other lands, the 
tree that had its incomparable fruit had its seed in other climes. 
In the good providence of God there came a day and a land 
and an opportunity for its development. 

Bancroft says. “The first public voice in America for dissolv¬ 
ing alL connection with Great Britain came not from the Puritans of New England, the Dutch 
of New York, nor the planters of Virginia, but from the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians.” The 
intense love of liberty which upon the first overt act of oppression burst into flame and pre¬ 
cipitated rebellion against the crow'n had been growing and developing in these people who 
for two centuries had held with unwavering fidelity to the tenets of John Knox, who may 
be styled the Apostle of Liberty in that land, who never feared the face of clay, for he said. 
“If princes exceed their bounds they may be resisted even by force,” and that sublime ut¬ 
terance from a man of his lineage and his faith made possible the immortal declaration of 
Mecklenburg, which was the morning aurora of a brighter day that brought our own consti¬ 
tution. 

Fronde, one of the greatest English historians, declares this utterance of Knox to be “the 
creed of republics in its first hard form.” So that Runnymede, Bothwell Bridge, Killiecranki^, 
Saratoga and Valley Forge, are inseparably connected for liberty and freedom. Do we won¬ 
der that those men and women who took so large and conspicuous a part in the preparation, 
execution and consummation of our independence as a nation were thus moved? 

On the walls of many of their homes in Pennsylvania. Virginia, and the Carolinas. there 
hung the national covenants of Scotland which many of their ancestors had signed with their 
blood. These famous and historic covenants form a stern, rugged and storm-beaten back¬ 
ground on which appears the glorious declaration of American independence. Be it remem¬ 
bered that there were living here in the early years of the last century covenanting captives 
taken at Bothwell Bridge and sold into the Carolinas as slaves, many of them whose ears had 
been cut off by “Kirk’s Lambs.” w T hose fathers had been hung before their eyes for attending 
conventicles, and to whom even the gentle Jeremy Taylor had refused to give sympathy. 
Claverhouse had persecuted them and they found here an asylum. The women were of the 
same heroic fibre. When captured by the Indians and taken across the Ohio river, the men 
having been slain, the Indians, elnted with victory, made sport of them and said, “Sing us 
one of your songs.” And one godly woman sang the song that thousands of Presbyterian 
churches had echoed with, 



Du. Alex. McGregor. 


“On Babel’s stream we sat and wept. 
When Zion we thought on. 

In midst thereof we hung our harps. 

The wfillow trees upon. 

For there a song reqested they, 

Who did us captives bring: 

Our spoilers called for mirth, and said. 
‘A song of Zion sing.’ ” 


When history will be written in full, if it is ever written, we will find these women worthy 
to be the mothers of men who brought about the liberty and independence of our land. They 
toiled, they struggled, they prayed, they were wounded, they were sabred, they were mur¬ 
dered but they died like heroines. Who can tell the maternal and paternal preparation for 
those’who had'so large a share in making July 4. 1776, one of the grandest hours in human 

history? „ 

Wendell Phillips said. “Races love to be tried in two ways: first, by the great men they 
produce; secondly, by the average merit of the mass of the race.” 

The Dutch, the Huguenots, the Puritan, have left no uncertain mark upon American in¬ 
stitutions. Are there symptoms of Scotch blood in the American body? In the beautiful 
fabric of American democracy can we see the heather and the bluebell? In the libation poured 
out upon the country’s altar can we see Scotia’s crimson tide? A great, glorious, and self- 
sacrificing galaxy of this race appears. Whether they have come from the Highlands or the 
Lowlands of Scotland or from Little Scotland, the Ulster of Ireland, they are one race, one 
blood one religion. Remember that from 1720 to 1770, 12.000 of this race came to this land 
every vear for fifty years—six hundred thousand people—just before the war for Independence; 
and when history has been fully written we shall understand it better thin we do now. The 





whole population was about 3,000,000. These emigrants alone would be one-fifth of the whole 
population; thus, together with the descendants of those who came prior to 1720, with the de¬ 
scendants of those fifty years, the Scotch race must have comprised one-fourth of the entire 
population. 

Around the fourth of July. 1776, what thrilling memories gather! A supreme crisis has 
come not only in the affairs of this land, but in the affairs of humanity. On the table lay the 
charter of human freedom, its clear-cut utterances flinging defiance to the strongest nation 
upon the earth, proclaiming to the world that henceforth America shall be the asylum of 
liberty and freedom. Strong men trembled. The anxious silence was broken by the venerable 
Dr. Witherspoon, in whose veins flowed the pure Scottish blood, when he arose and uttered 
these thrilling words: “To hesitate at this moment is to consent to our own slavery. That 
noble instrument upon your table which insures immortality to its author should be subscribed 
this very morning by every pen in this house. He that will not respond to its accents, and 
strain every nerve to carry into effect its provisions is unworthy the name of freeman. What¬ 
ever I may have of property or reputation is staked on the issue of this contest, and although 
these gray hairs must soon descend into the sepulchre, I would infinitely rather that they 
descend hither by the hand of the executioner than desert at this crisis the sacred cause of 
my country.” These burning words from one of the most distinguished leaders of the Con¬ 
gress carried the matter to a triumphant conclusion, the Declaration of Independence was 
signed and the foundation of the American government was laid. 

Mr. Jefferson said, “Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was far ahead of us all; he led the way, 
and the people from the seaboard to the mountains were aroused to action by his burning 
words.” This son of the Aberdeenshire Scotchman,—who shall describe his matchless elo¬ 
quence, his burning invective, which first astonished the bar and the country in that famous 
Parson’s trial in the House of Burgesses? The aristocracy were startled at this phenomenon 
from the plebeian ranks who came to be so great a character. It is a matter of record that be¬ 
fore these arrayed legislators he denied the right assumed by the British Parliament to tax 
this colony and declared that they alone had the right to tax themselves. Like Hannibal, 
climbing the Alps, this heroic son of Scotia led the people who were trembling, fainting and 
drawing back, facing this powerful party in power; and you remember his immortal words 
when, with a voice like thunder, and with the look of a god, he cried, “Caesar had his Brutus, 
Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third—” and the speaker cried, “Treason!” 
and all around the house they cried, “Treason!” It was a moment to test the courage of this 
man, but rising to a lofty altitude and fixing his eye on the speaker he said. “George the Third 
may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Henry had a rooted 
aversion and even abhorrence to everything in the shape of pride, cruelty or tyranny. The 
principle which formed the guide of all his public actions was that the whole human race was 
one of family, equal in rights, and their birthright liberty. The elements of his character were 
most happily mingled for the great struggle. His views were not less steady than they were 
bold. His vision pierced deeply into futurity, and long before a whisper of independence had 
been heard in this land, he had looked through the whole of the approaching struggle and had 
seen by faith and prescience his own country seated on the highest pinnacle. When he was 
at a meeting at Col. Samuel Overton’s, in company with several gentlemen, Overton asked 
him, “Henry, do you think Great Britain will drive us to extremities? Do you think that she 
will fight it out on this issue?” Mr. Henry looked around to see who were present and said. 
“She will drive us to extremities—no accommodation will take place—hostilities will soon 
commence, and a desperate and bloody touch it will be.” “But,” said Overton, “do you 
think, Mr. Henry, that an infant nation, as we are, without discipline, arms, ammunition, 
ships of war or money to procure them, do you think it is possible, thus circumstanced, to op¬ 
pose successfully the fleets and armies of Great Britain?” “I will be candid yith you.” re¬ 
plied Mr. Henry. “I doubt whether we shall be able alone to cope with so powerful a nation, 
but.” continued he, rising from his chair, with great animation, “Where is France? Where is 
Spain? Where is Holland? the natural enemies of Great Britain? Where will they be all 
this w T hile? Do you suppose they will stand by, idle spectators to the contest? Will Louis XVI 
be asleep all this while? Believe me, no! When Louis XVI shall be satisfied, by our serious 
opposition, and our Declaration of Independence, that all prospect of a reconciliation is gone, 
then, and not till then, will he furnish us with arms, ammunition and clothing; and not with 
these only, but he will send his fleets and armies to fight our battles for us; he will form with 
us a treaty offensive and defensive against our unnatural mother; Spain and Holland will 
join the confederation; our independence will be established, and we shall take our stand 
among the nations of the earth.” Overton says, “I shall never forget the voice and prophetic 
manner with which these predictions were uttered, and which have since been so literally 
verified. At the word 'Independence’ the company appeared to be startled, for they had never 
heard anything of the kind before even suggested.” It was Patrick Henry more than any 
other w T ho gave the revolutionary impulse to the nation, and like Atlas he bore alone upon his 
shoulders the cause of freedom among those with whom he associated. 

On the 4th of September, 1774, that venerable body, the old Continental Congress of the 
United States, met in Philadelphia. For the first time the most eminent men of the various 
colonies were now brought together. They were known to each other by fame but they were 
personally strangers. The meeting was awfully solemn. The liberty of no less than 3,000,000 
people, with that of all their prosperity, was staked on the outcome of this council. No won¬ 
der, then, the long, deep and ominous silence, which followed. In the midst of this deep and 
deathlike silence, when it was beginning to become painfully embarrassing, Mr. Henry arose 
slowly, as if borne down by the weight of his subject. After faltering through his impressive 
exordium, he launched into a recital of the colonial wrongs. As he advanced with the grandeur 
of his subject, glowing with all the majesty of the occasion, his speech seemed more than that 
of mortal man. Even those who had heard him in all his glory in the House of Burgesses of 
Virginia were astonished at the sublimity of that famous speech. It seemed the voice of proph¬ 
ecy. With the courage of his convictions he moved them as they had never been moved before. 

Caldw’ell, Brevard. Craighead and others had educated the people of North Carolina far 
ahead of the Congress. The two Rutledges, and the eloquent Tennant, with others, kindled 
the patriotic fires in South Carolina. Duffield Wilson, Smith and their associates, moved Penn- 
svlvania for the coming conflict. Thornton and Sullivan had lifted up their voice in New* 
Hampshire.—all of them with Scottish fire in their bones. 

You and I were pleased just now when we heard about the flag, of how it w*as made by 
the grand-daughter of that first woman w’hose pliable fingers wrought this symbol which w r e 
believe will stand while time lasts. I am glad to tell you it w r as Paul Jones who first un¬ 
furled the stars and stripes. A Scotchman compelled France to give it recognition. But this 
was not enough, it was he who first lifted the old pine-tree flag to the topmast of his vessel. 
And what did this man do? Those w’ho have studied his life have come to believe that he w r as 
no haphazard man but one of the purest and noblest; a man of great thought and purpose, whose 
name should be enrolled upon the same scroll as those of Washington. Jefferson, Franklin and 
Lafayette. Behold this man, with his Little Ranger of 18 guns, plunging into the very heart 
of the British Ch?nnel, w’hich was crowded with the massive gunboats of Britain’s proud navy. 
Little did England imagine that any commander of an American vessel w’ould have the audacity 


to approach even within sight of its shores. Yet this heroic leader, almost in sight of Eng¬ 
land s coast, captured her merchant-men and bewildered with his bold adventures the Scotch 
and English coast, finally escaping, though a whole fleet had watched him for days and there 
seemed no human probability of escape. 

When Jones intended to land at Leith and lay Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, under 
obligation to him, and make her under his guns conform to his command, his bold endeavor 
was frustrated by a change of wind. Had he accomplished it all Scotland and England would 
have been aroused. 

It is said an eccentric Scotch preacher named Sherra assembled his people upon the shore 
and in full view of the approaching vessel containing Paul Jones, kneeled upon the shore and 
offered the following unique and remarkable prayer: 

“Now, dear Lord, dinna ye think it a shame for ye to send this vile pirate to rob our folk 
o* Kirkaldy: for ye ken they’re puir enough already, and hae naething to spare. The way the 
wind blaws he’ll be here in a jiffy, and wha kens what he may do? He’s nae too good for 
anything. Muckles the mischief he has done already! He’ll burn their houses, tak their very 
claes and tirl them to the sark. And. waes me, wha kens but the bluidy villain might tak their 
lives! The puir women are maist frightened out o’ their wits, and the bairns skirling after 
them. I canna think o’ it! I canna think o’ it! I hae been lang a faithful servant to ye, Lord, 
but gin ye dinna turn the wind about and blaw the scoundrel out o' our gale. I’ll nae stir a 
foot but will just sit here till the tide comes. Sae tak your will o’t.’’ (Laughter.) 

To the no little astonishment of these simple people, a fierce gale at that moment began 
to blow, sending one of Jones’ prizes on shore and forcing him out to sea, compelling him to 
abandon his project of bringing Edinburgh to his terms. 

Among the generals of this era are Gen. Knox, Gen. Wayne, Gen. Montgomery, Gen. Sulli¬ 
van. Gen. Mercer, Gen. Stark. Gen. Morgan, and Gen. Davidson. 

Gen. Morgan, the hero of Saratoga, fought the famous battle of Cowpens. His state and 
the Congress of the United S'tates gave him a horse and a sword and a medal. King’s Moun¬ 
tain. with its heroic leader Campbell, and his Scotch followers, are a part of the annals of the 
struggle. 

The name of Rev. James Caldwell will be remembered as long as New Jersey and 
the nation lives. He kept the enthusiasm of his troops at the highest pitch. When supplies 
were short he became assistant commissary general. Washington regarded his service as 
invaluable. On one occasion he ventured to his home. Apprised of his coming the Hessian 
troops tried to capture him. Failing in this, they murdered his wife in the presence of her 
children, burning the manse over their heads. The best families asked the privilege of taking 
some of his children. Lafayette adopted one of his sons. On one occasion, in a hot engage¬ 
ment at Springfield, he discovered the firing of one of the companies slackened for want of 
wadding. He rushed into a Presbyterian church near by, gathered an armful of Watts’ 
hymn-books, distributed them along the line and said, “Now put Watts into them, boys!’’ 
With a laugh and a cheer they rammed the charges home and gave the British Watts with 
a will. 

Gladstone says that the American Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck 
off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man. Alexander Stevens, one of the pro- 
foundest writers on American government, speaking of the framers of the constitution, 
refers to them as the “ablest body of jurors, legislators and statesmen that has ever as¬ 
sembled on the continent of America.” 

In working out this difficult problem a galaxy of distinguished men, in whose veins 

flowed Scottish blood, the chief actors were Alexander Hamilton. James Wilson and John 

Rutledge. Alexander Hamilton as a statesman stands next to Washington. Even Jefferson 
transcends him neither in patriotism nor ability. Talleyrand says, “I consider Napoleon, 

Fox and Hamilton the three greatest men of one epoch, and without hesitation I award the 
first place to Hamilton.” It was his brilliant abilities that won over New York to the 
adoption of the Constitution. The last of this trinity. John Rutledge, was appointed chair¬ 
man of a committee of five to make the first draft of this wonderful instrument. Bancroft 
says of him. “He was the foremost statesman of his time south of Virginia, in the darkest 
hours intrepid, hopeful and inventive of resources, of whom Patrick Henry said. ‘He is the 
most eloquent man in the Congress of 1774.’ ” The logical structure and framework of the 
constitution is in a large degree the work of Mr. Rutledge, giving immortal honor to his name 
and race. 

In April, 1789, the government of the United States was organized and Washington for 
the third time was called to take the leadership of the affairs of his country. In that 

auspicious hour the principles of constitutional liberty lifted up their gorgeous structure 
to the gaze of an astounded world. He whose hand was upon the helm chose wisely his 
counsellors—Mr. Jefferson, secretary of state; Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treas¬ 
ury; Henry Knox, secretary of war; Randolph, of Virginia, attorney general; Rutledge, Wilson. 
Blair and Iredell were appointed justices of the supreme court. Distinguished sons were they 
all. of that noble race who by their courageous lives for their country and their God have 
made the Scottish race forever famous. 

Brice, in his American Commonwealth, says. “The United States are believed to disclose 
and display the type of institutions toward which as by a law of fate, the rest of civilized 
mankind are forced to move, some with swifter, others with slower, but all with unhesitating 
feet.” True liberty, broad democracy, flows from our shores and laves every island and 
continent on the globe. 

Scientists may tell us, as we become older, that there is no Gulf Stream flowing from 
our shores bathing Iceland and Norway and England and France and sending its warm 
waves down to the Azores; they may say that there is no Gulf Stream and that it is a fig¬ 
ment of the imagination; but History will record that since these men came from Holland 
and France and Ireland and Scotland, from the valleys and the mountains of Europe seeking 
liberty, that this land has thrown back a tidal wave of democracv and of independence and 
that we are now revealing to the world that there is one republic that has stood the test 
of these years; and all the republics of the earth have gained because these men gave their 
lives, because they dreamed and hoped and prayed for liberty, because they had so glad a 
share in this movement for which we are thankful. (Applause). 


“Oeorge tUlasbington” 


Cbird (prize JEssay 


©v 


lEdwin lEklund, Ifttoorbead, ITttmn. 


Ask any thinking American what is the greatest nation on 
earth? Unquestionably he will tell you the United States. 
It is the greatest nation because its possibilities are great¬ 
est. At present, the ascendency and conquest of the world by 
America, is a question of greatest importance in all the cabi¬ 
nets of Europe. Their foremost statesmen see our power and 
recognize the danger. It is almost an impossibility that we 
should not become the greatest power on earth, and our great¬ 
ness will far surpass that of ancient Rome, England, Greece or 
Spain, as far as the civilization of our day goes beyond that of 
theirs. First we are imperial in size. Any of the European 
powers, but Russia, could be set down in any one of several of 
our states. Then we are imperially located within easy ac¬ 
cess of Europe, South America and the East. Our coast line is 
greater than that of the five powers together and with our 
large, deep and protected harbors makes our commercial su¬ 
premacy certain. The natural resources of our land are un¬ 
bounded, greater than the human mind can comprehend. There 
are the vast forests, which, although they have been w T asted 
without regard, will, with proper care, endure for hundreds 
of years. Our mines have only just been opened. Our agri¬ 
cultural lands are the greatest and best in the world, and are 
far from' thoroughly developed; in fact, hundreds of thousands 
of acres await the hand of the enterprising farmer. As re¬ 
gards manufactories, we are fast becoming the workshop of the 
world. 

But our government, the great free government, is the greatest dowry of every 
American citizen. The land of liberty, the refuge of the oppressed of all nations, the 

land which permits the unrestrained, unhampered expansion of soul and intellect, is 
ours, the land which in true greatness will tower far above that of any other nation of 
the past or future. It should be the thought of every American, that to be a citizen of the 
grand republic is the greatest thing in the world. 

What honor then is not the due of him who made this country a possibility, or at 

the least, was the greatest factor in so doing? Does not deserve all that can be given 

to mortal man? He does, and it has been given him and will ever be acknowledged his 
right. Let us give all but our souls for upholding this man. No question remains in 
our minds as to who this man is. We know him. The world knows and honors him 
as its hero. He is “The Father of Our Country,” George Washington. 

Reared by simple but virtuous parents, he early in life held positions of great re¬ 
sponsibility. He rose step by step to positions of trust and responsibility, until his 

life’s work was ended. He received homage and praise that would have turned the head of any 
other man, but its effect on him could not be seen. 

He was the thinking part of the nation for twenty-two years and his history is 
that of the early nation for nothing of importance happened in which he did not take the 
chief hand. Without him the revolution would have been a failure. It was his prudence, 
firmness of resolution, ability to cope wuth a large force with a small ill equipped army, 
and power to keep the army sustained, that made the war a possibility. As to his 
military genius, its greatness is not questioned. His Trenton compaign has been pro¬ 
nounced the greatest of the century by Frederick the Great. While his far sighted 
genius and readiness to take advantage of opportunities is shown in the Yorktown 
campaign, which eventually brought about our liberty. Then when he had accomplished 
what no other man could have done he resigned his commission. A beautiful incident of 
history. But he loses no interest in our national life, in fact, in the following years he 
accomplishes the greatest things of his life. During the most “Critical Period of Ameri¬ 
can History” he plays the chief part, again making our existence a possibility. He pre¬ 
vents the country from falling into anarchy, and civil war. It was his commanding will 
more than anything else that made the Constitution a possibility by guiding it through 
the seas of strife and preventing the overbearance of personal interests. 

Then he was chosen as the first president of the nation. He entered the president’s 
chair with a paper Constitution. He left it an existing nation, with a good financial sys¬ 
tem, a splendid foreign policy, and a united people. When he undertook his duties the 
land w f as divided into 13 quarrelsome republics, a mere confederation. He left it with 
a government so enduring that it has increased in power for over one hundred years 
and will continue to do so for centuries to come. 

What name in history is comparable with his? Should we honor Alexander, who, 
by the debauchery of a night, ruined his young life, more than him, who lived a true 
life of Christian morality? Is Caesar, who defied the laws of his land, who slaughtered 
thousands because they defended their homes, comparable to him who saved a people 
for the sake of the righteousness of the world? No! Neither Rome nor Greece. England. 
Switzerland, France or Holland can show a man whom the world will acknowledge the 
equal of ours. For who can so reveal the characteristics of an ideal man. A man of 
great intellect, a military genius, while as a conservative statesman few ever surpassed 
him, and with all this he led a life of true morality. The vital flaw in his make-up is 
yet to be found and in truth, never will be found. 

Let us, therefore, unite in giving his dues to him who lived a life so just, so true 
who performed his duties so thoroughly, that not only his friends, and enemies not 
only the American people, but the world, love him as their hero. Of whom it has been 
truly said “a greater figure never stood in the forefront of a nation’s life,” but of whom 
it can be said, a greater figure never stood as the hero of mankind. 



Edwin Eklund. 





GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

Half-tone of Third Prize won by Mr. Edwin Eklund, Moorhead, Minn., High School. 
Subject of Essay:—“George Washington.” 




Hfter Dinner Speeches 


Bt tbe tRcgular annual ISanquet IHeld jfeb. 22, 1904 
at Cbe IHotel Bberdeen, St. ipaul. 


e lideal Citizen. 

tRcv. HU. 1H. HU. UJcylc, H>. E>. 



Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: Patriotism, in its splendid, 
enduring spirit, is surely in the air. I have come here from 
a ministers’ banquet, where the sentiment was as deeply and 
sincerely that of love and hope for the Fatherland as it can 
possibly be in this gathering made up mainly of laymen. 

I consider it a very great honor to be invited by your 
committee to speak tonight. I recall the fact at this mo¬ 
ment that, being a citizen of St. Paul for just a year and 
two months, this is the eleventh patriotic gathering I have 
had the privilege of addressing, and I have considered each 
time an opportunity, bringing to me very much greater pleas¬ 
ure than it could have brought to those who listened to me. 
I am named first speaker tonight. Mr. White placed me last 
on the program at the meeting of the Society of Colonial Wars, 
held in this room a few weeks ago, with the idea, I suppose, 
that one of the functions of the preacher is to pronounce the 
benediction. I promise you that with the advantage of com¬ 
ing first on the program of the evening, you will be saved 
the infliction of a prolonged sermon. When Mayor Haynes 
spoke of the child and the book, it reminded me of the experi¬ 
ence of a minister who went to his physician asking for some¬ 
thing to relieve him of insomnia. On Sabbath evenings when 
he came home, after the tenseness and tiredness of the day 
of toil, he found it very difficult to sleep; and his physician 
was unkind enough to suggest that he rise and read one of 
his sermons, with the insinuation implied that there was some¬ 
thing in them which had superinduced sleep for others. 
(Laughter). 

Patriotism is a sentiment native to the human heart and 
therefore a grace of the human family. Some one has said that the man without a country is 
next in point of misfortune to the man who is without a God. I cannot think of patriotism, 
in the truest and deepest meaning of the word, without having the thought of God brought 
in; and, when we sing the National Anthem on an occasion like this, the strongest sugges¬ 
tion is worship: 


Rev. W. H. W. Boyle. D. D. 


“Our father’s God, to thee, 
Author of Liberty, 

To Thee we sing." 


Garibaldi’s men, when they did not dare announce their deep soul of patriotism, arranged 
their vegetables on their tables on the market square in the hues of the tri-color; and 
Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, when Europe would not hear his appeal, stopped by the side 
of a costermonger and said, “The woes of a million Magyars are on my bleeding heart!" He 
wanted to tell somebody. 

I thoroughly believe in the memorial and in the monument. The old-time Romans were 
accustomed to place the busts and statues of their illustrious ancestors in their vestibules, 
that so their children, being reminded of the virtues of their sires, might learn to emulate 
them. The people of Switzerland put statues of the hero of Lucerne in their public squares, 
remembering how he gathered five foremost spears of the enemy to his breast and died 
creating the breach through which his countrymen pressed to victory. Germany remembers 
her Frederick and ’graves his prowess into memorial stone. England lifts her Nelson and 
her Marlborough and her Wellington on lofty pedestal, and America ought to have her 
Washington everywhere! (Applause.) 

I do not see, gentlemen, why, when the splendid capitol building is opened, within the 
year, this Society, with kindred societies, should not have inaugurated such a movement as 
would result in the placing of a magnificent statue of Washington yonder on the plaza 
before the capitol. (Applause.) Why, I can get a thousand dollars for it out of the House 
of Hope on one Sabbath morning (laughter); I am willing to do it. Mr. Noyes is ready to 
subscribe a hundred dollars tonight. (Laughter and applause.) 

May be some one will say, what the followers of Luther did when his statue was refused, 
only for religious reasons, a place in Germany—Walhalla: “What need have we of a statue 
of him who lives in our hearts?" You will say, and I can say, “What need have we of a 




statue of him who lives in our hearts?” Hut for the sake of the rising generation, sir, 
to whom you have touchingly referred, I believe that our public squares should have gracing 
them statues of our great men, that so, our children, like the children of the Romans, 
might learn to emulate the virtues of their sires. 

I have been for twelve years a citizen of this country. I had the misfortune, as you may 
consider it. to be born “across the line,” but when I came into the privilege and responsi¬ 
bility of citizenship here, one of the first things I did was to study the institutions of the 
country and get into sympathy with its best ideals. Among the first places I visited is 
one most sacred in the memory and the affection of the American citizen—that palace of 
royalty on the green sward over the Potomac, the quiet retreat and last resting place of 
a republic’s first citizen, Mt. Vernon, the beautiful! (Applause.) As I passed reverently 
through its halls I read tribute after tribute, and, among others, this: “Washington, the 
brave, the wise, the good; supreme in war, in council, in peace; in disaster, calm; in success, 
moderate; in all, himself. Valiant without ambition; discreet without fear; confident with¬ 
out presumption; who, when he had won all renounced all, and sought, in the bosom of his 
family and nature, retirement, in the hope of religion—immortality.” And when I had read 
it I copied it and kept it, kept it for tonight. Now, when I read it afresh I breathe some 
inspiration of the Book and say, “Well done, thou good and faithful servant”; thou livest in 
the hearts of the people, and thou livest in the joy of thy Lord, America’s man and God’s 
man! 

It is not my intention to speak definitely to the thought of the Ideal Citizen only as he 
is found in the ideal and representative individual, the limitation of time will prevent. But 
I do want to speak a little of Washington, the man, as I conceive of him in the qualities 
which made him great. The name and the fame of Washington the statesman and soldier 
will no doubt be treated by those who are to speak after me, but I feel that in glorifying 
the man, I will at the same time glorify the statesman made out of the man, and the war¬ 
rior, whose courage and high purpose crowned him. 

If -we go over to London we see there two monuments to the memory of “Chinese” 
Gordon. One was built to mark the achievements of the soldier. It is a beautiful illus¬ 
tration of the very best art, executed in the finest spirit of art. There is another one, out 
close by Greenwich, where he cared for the neglected waifs of the streets; and when the 
sad news came from Khartoum, the boys put their pennies together and builded a monu¬ 
ment for the praise of their benefactor. Why do people stand at the foot of the one and 
weep while they stand at the foot of the other and only admire? Because Gordon the 
man, in the estimation of his people, was something nobler even than Gordon the soldier. 
And, back of all the splendid achievements of Washington the general, and Washington the 
statesman, and Washington the President, lies the foundation principle of all that is en¬ 
during—plain, conscientious, resourceful George Washington, the man. 

He was a man of destiny. We all believe that there is the “fullness of times.” We have 
only to go back over the centuries to find a strategic moment when, out of the shrine of the 
burning bush, Moses received his sublime commission,—not before the right time and not 
after it. Later in history there was the trembling of the eternities in the balances of time 
when Charles Martel, the “hammer of God,” beat back at Tours the invasion of the 
Moors and saved Europe from the enervating sway of a race that has been the very negation 
of God. Still later, brave Oliver Cromwell, standing with John Hampden on an English 
dock and about to take ship for a refuge in the forests of America, from civil and ecclesias¬ 
tical tyranny, turned to Hampden and said, 


“The helm is shaking now, and I will stay 
To pluck my lot forth; it were sin to flee.” 


He did stay, and that which the Anglo-Saxon has become to the world sprung out of that 
moment of decision. And, when one day up in the forests of the northland, a general 
would not take the advice of his under-officer and fell while George Washington lived, there 
was mention of it up in Heaven, for the destiny of a continent was hinged on the doings 
of that hour. 

I have been a lover of history through all my life. Some way or other, “as is the boy 
so the man.” I still love to linger in thought on Bethoron, on Marathon, on Issus. on Auster- 
litz, on Waterloo, on Yorktown. on Gettysburg, conflicts with “decisive” written against 
them; but I do not read the clearest lines of destiny there. The hand of God in the mar¬ 
shalling events of history is as plain as the hand of God in the making of a flower. But I 

am sure you have, with me, noted this, that the paths of definite destiny have been the 

paths of men who have advanced on their knees.—Paul on his knees at Damascus, Con¬ 

stantine on his knees under the night sky and the legend of the cross, “In hoc signo vinces,” 
Luther on his knees on the Sancta Scala. John Knox on his knees in the galleys, the Pilgrims 
on their knees in the Mayflower, were all making history with the Divine acknowledged; 
and George Washington, in the moment of seeming disaster, out on the edge of the woods, 
with his face turned up to the night stars and the God above the stars, was making history 
for America. (Appause.) 

I desire to say one other thing before I close. Man of destiny, as he was. he was the 
greater man as the Ideal Citizen because he was a man of convictional force. Perfection is not 
the attribute of any man living, or of any man who has ever lived, or of any man who ever 
shall live, but I think we can pay tonight a tribute to the memory of the name w’hich we 
hold in honor something similar to that -which Disraeli paid to his great political opponent. 
W. E. Gladstone. One afternoon, when he had spoken against the Great Commoner’s peace 
policy, he said, half derisively, half reverently, “Why, gentlemen, Gladstone does not seem 
to have a single redeeming vice.” (Laughter.) 

Now, it may be there are some things unrevealed back in the history of Washington 
from the day when “He wouldn’t tell a lie” up to the day at Yorktown. when he fell 
back on a word that a preacher scarcely dare repeat, (laughter) using the extra emphasis 
as he said to one of his generals. “"Wasn’t there a command to raise ramparts here? If 
they are not raised within ten minutes, George Washington will have to know why.” At 
any rate, we are reasonably sure of this, behind what George Washington had to say or do 
lay the might of convictional force. May be his strength of character was the result in some 
measure of his environment—a great deal generally is. What man ever had a better en¬ 
vironment than George Washington in those stirring creative days! Were not the Huguenot, 
and the Hollander, and the Puritan, and the Covenanter, in the councils of George Washington? 
The Huguenot, with his heroic principles of faith; the Hollander. w T ith his infinite patience; 
the Puritan, with his courtliness and his confessor’s creed and his commercial instinct; and 
the covenant children of Ulster and Scotland with their inflexible tenacity. 

I believe he inherited much of that convictional force. Down at Mount Vernon. I looked 
Into three books bearing the name of George Washington. They were these: “The Char¬ 
acter of a Good Wife and Mother,” “The Beauties of Isaac Watts.” and “Hervey’s Medita¬ 
tions on the Starry Heavens.” A book is the measure of its reader’s intellectual and moral 


bent, and he was living on that kind of mind food while he was studying military strategy 
and laying the foundations of a nation. 

The man who rents a pew and pays for it can generally be depended upon; and, when 
I read, in the old Church at Alexandria, that George Washington had rented a pew for 
thirty-six pounds and ten shillings, I said to the verger, “Did he pay it?” The old soldier 
opened the book, and there was the evidence that George Washington had paid his seat 
rent! (Laughter.) It is a good sign of this ideal citizen that he tound a place in God’s 
house. 

Much of the depth of his conviction he inherited from his mother. Possibly some of 
you have seen the story of the officer who came down to Virginia looking for horses for 
the army. Passing by a farm, not knowing whose it was, he saw a fine pair and crossing 
the fence went into the field and said, “That’s just the kind of horses L want for the army, 
and I’m going to have yours,” inquiring the price. The ploughman said, “They are not 
for sale. Anyw*ay, I have nothing to say about it; you’ll have to go up and see the madam.” 
He went over to the house and said, “I have decided to take those horses and I want to 
know what price you set on them.” The good woman said, in a very’ gentle way, “They are 
not for sale, sir.” “But Washington,” continued the officer, “says that it is my duty to 
get the best horses at any price, and I’m going to have those horses.” To which the good 
woman replied, “Tell General Washington that his mother says he cannot have them.” 
(Laughter.) 

Once I saw a magnificent statue representing Truth, and I think of George Washington 
tonight as I think of that figure of heroic size, for he was the incarnation of truth in 
principle, the defender of it, as well. The right hand of the figure holds a sword; the left hand 
draws away a white garment from the touch of Error from whose head the sword has 
struck off the mask of untruth. 

We clearly recognize the difficulties of living up to the ideal of true citizenship. As we 
see illustrations of greed and graft in the government of too many of our American cities, 
we recognize the need of a virile citizenship, built after the ideal of the statue, with a 
sword of justice, to smite from the head of Untruth the mask of error and unrighteousness, 
that so the American citizen may be what he pledges himself before his God to be—all 
on the altar for his country’s honor. (Applause.) There must be diffusion of knowledge 
and there must be diffusion of conscientiousness, if there is going to be a safe diffusion of 
liberty. 

We say, 

“Truth forever on the scaffold. 

Wrong forever on the throne.” 


Hut I do not think it is going to be “forever.” I could not be an optimist and believe that. 
But I can believe this: Truth in a dungeon is truth still, and Error on a throne is error 
still; and Truth in a dungeon is on its way to victory, and Error on a throne is on its 
way of defeat. (Applause.) 

When Alexander the Conqueror started out on his career of conquest, he stopped up at 
the old city of Troy, and asked for the grave of Achilles, the hero. When he found it he 
knelt down on it and raising up his hands said, “O, ye gods, give to me the spirit of 
Achilles, and I will conquer the world!” In that moment he caught the inspiration that sent 
him out undauntedly to world conquest. What you and I need tonight, as we stand under 

the blue of fidelity, the white of purity, the red of self-sacrifice, in that flag, is to keep the 

memory of the great man warm in our hearts with his best precept: “Labor to keep alive 
within "your bosom that little spark of heavenly fire called conscience;” to say, as we kneel 

yonder "at Mount Vernon by the Potomac, where the dust of the patriot lies, give to me the 

spirit, the convictional force, of George Washington, and I will have my part in building 
the republic for God’s honor and humanity’s good. As goes America, so goes the world. 
(Applause.) 



Ipatriotism’s Debt to the imemory of IKHasbington. 


Httr. (Thomas Cochran. 


Love of country is a well-nigh universal sentiment; a savage 
will often pine away and die, when removed from the scenes 
and surroundings of his local habitat. With him it is not love 
for any corporate entity, such as we call a nation, or such as 
we mean when we speak of “our land,” “our country,” or “our 
government,” although as has been said, “This is the narrow¬ 
est and most provincial form, though perhaps the strongest of 
that passion or virtue called patriotism.” (Lowell). In the 
case of the savage, the psychologist would call it the habit of 
affection which keeps a man content in the place of his resi¬ 
dence, however meagre his fare and however harsh his environ¬ 
ment; and which will lead him to incur any danger in defend¬ 
ing it from attack. 

When our thoughts turn to the civilized peoples of the 
world, how varied the expressions in which the passion of 
patriotism finds voice and yet there is a phrase for it peculiar 
to every nation. The Englishman, in whatever distant colony 
he may have settled, will constantly talk about the “old coun¬ 
ty,” and his every visit thither is simply “going home;” the 
American feels his blood run warm at every mention of the 
flag and to him the stars and stripes wherever seen are the 
very embodiment of patriotism; the absent German drinks with 
his “Hoch, hoch,” to the “Vaterland;” the Frenchman enthus¬ 
iastically greets his country as “La Belle France;” even the 
Russian peasant has a fond and personal attachment to his 
Czar whom he affectionately calls “The Little Father;” and 
before our eyes there is passing, at this very moment, an 
Oriental panorama, which shows the little yellow people of 
the Chinese Sea fairly aflame with patriotism, for the Japanese 
have been kindled with its fire. 

Thus the very life of a nation depends upon the patriotism of its people. There is no 
passion other than love which will suffice to engage the services and sacrifices which, sooner 
or later in a country’s history, its government will call upon its citizens to render and 
endure. In times of peace and especially in a Republic, the patriotic citizen must constantly 
be subject to inconvenience and loss of time and must exert no end of effort in order 
that he may rightly serve the state. 

James Russell Lowell, whom I have already quoted, eloquently says that “A country 
worth saving is worth saving all the time and that a country with such energies as ours, 
with such opportunities and inducements to grow rich and such temptations to be content 
with growing rich, needs saving all the time.” Many of us remember, as they remember 
nothing else, the overwhelming rush of that great national passion obliterating all lines of 
party division and levelling all landmarks of habitual politics. Who that saw it will ever 
forget that enthusiasm of loyalty for the flag and for what the flag symbolized which forty 
years ago swept all the country’s forces of thought and sentiment of memory and hope 
into the grasp of its overmastering torrent? Martial patriotism- touches the heart, kindles 
the imagination and rouses the nobler energy of men as nothing else ever does or can. 
Even love is a paler emotion. That image of our country with the flame of battle in her 
eye which every man then saw, how beautiful it was; how potent to inspire devotion.” 

It was just this passion of martial patriotism which actually brought the United States 
into being. Other peoples can look back to the events of centuries and justify their love 
of country by a thousand happenings, but with the American people it was prophetic pa¬ 
triotism w T hich brought the nation forth, a creative influence based upon the love of inde¬ 
pendence and self government, constructive, as it was self-sacrificing and efficient, because 
it moved men and women in all the thirteen colonies to be willing to sacrifice “their lives, 
their fortunes and their sacred honor” to their country’s cause. 

An American historian has said, writing upon Lessing, that “There was as little 
patriotism in Germany during the seventeenth century as in our own country in colonial 
times.” If this were true in any degree of the masses of the people, it surely was not true 
when spoken of our Revolutionary fathers, and least of all could it be true of Washington. 

If ever an affectionate appellation was fitly given to the founder of a nation then was 
Washington most aptly baptized by the love of his fellow countrymen as the “Father of his 
country.” 

I had the honorable privilege, when a member of the Seventh Regiment of the National 
Guard of the State of New York, in those dark days of April, 1865, to stand guard in the 
New York City Hall over the casket of President Lincoln. The double doors of the Governor’s 
room giving out upon the marble staircase, were thrown wide open and around a sentinel 
standing in the center of the space, thousands upon thousands of his fellow citizens passed 
in procession to do a momentary honor to his remains. If ever there was a face which 
bore likeness to that of the “Man of Sorrows” in the deepness of its lines and the sadness of 
the whole countenance, it was the face of the martyred President, as he was borne to his 
resting place in Springfield. But just opposite to the head of the casket and easily visible 
from where I stood, there looked down from the wall of the Governor’s room, a portrait of 
Washington. As I gazed upon the face in the coffin and then turned my eyes to what seemed 
to be a living image upon the wall, I thought that if it had not been for Washington there 
would have been no Lincoln. It is a matter of recorded history that while yet a boy, Lincoln 
had his imagination inflamed with the future greatness of his country and his heart en¬ 
kindled by love of it by the reading of that old-fashioned book, “Weem’s Life of Wash¬ 

ington.” 

The broadened stream of patriotism which first sprang from the breasts of Washington 
and his fellow Revolutionary leaders, bore Lincoln and the heroes of the Civil War, safely 
through all their trials and made victory possible. 

It were a brave man that would at this date in our history, endeavor to pronounce a 

new eulogy upon the memory of Washington. In a single sentence, quoted from the auto¬ 

biography of Senator Hoar, the opinion of his countrymen can be given. Speaking of one 
of his fellow senators upon whom he was pronouncing a memorial address in the course of 
which he had mentioned Washington’s name, he said: “Of course. I do not compare my 
good friend with him, to whom no man living, or that ever lived on earth, can be compared.” 



Thomas Cochkax. 






Washington lived and was known by his neighbors and friends in the state wherein he was 
born, first of all as a gentleman; he was of gentle birth, which only sometimes makes the 
gentleman, but in the practice of his whole life displaying such qualities as prudence, mod¬ 
esty, sound judgment, simplicity, absolute veracity, absolute integrity, patience, disinterest¬ 
edness, filial piety, Christian principle, undaunted courage and the loftiest patriotism, he 
proved his title to the name. Washington died, and found his place in the Valhalla of 
the dead rulers of the earth; he took his rank among them and like Saul, the son of Kish, 
stood head and shoulders above all his fellows. 


"He might have been a king; 

But that he understood 

How much it was a meaner thing 

To be unjustly great than honorably good.” 


The memory of Washington! ye Sons of the American Revolution, does it not make 
your hearts throb more strongly and your pulses beat more quickly simply to allow your 
imagination to wander among the events of his life and to ponder over all the nobility of 
his sacrifices for his country’s welfare? As a gentleman we would like to have known 
him and to have been greeted in his own home at Mount Vernon with all his courtliness of 
manner and to have had the opportunity of mingling in one of the functions of the olden 
time; to have watched at once the grace and the majesty of his demeanor; his gallantrv 
to women; his tender love and companionship for little children, and the admiration which 
he evoked from every man of whatever station, whether he were friend or foe. 

The memory of Washington! When in New York, I like to turn from the financial 
center of Wall street, down through Broad and go to the river’s bank. Just before arriving 
there, one passes a three-storv. yellow, brick building still standing upon the left, and finds 
a landmark plate upon it telling that it was here Washington bade farewell to his officers 
at the close of the Revolutionary War. They had gathered in the dining room of Fraunces’ 

Tavern that they might eat together for the last time. When the meal was finished. Wash¬ 
ington. who sat at the head of the table, arose and those near him could see that lump 

rise in his throat which bespeaks uncontrollable emotion upon the part of a man. With an 

effort he announced to his officers that the time of parting had come and asked them each to 
pass him by at the head of the table and bid him farewell by a grasp of the hand. So they came, 
one by one, without a word and with tears in every eye. they bade their commander, whom 
they so loved and revered, "Good bye." Then two by two they took their sad way to the 
water’s edge where the barge was waiting and upon which Washington embarked alone. At 
Paulus Hook, a ship was waiting in which he was to sail for Mourn Vernon and as the bow 
of the boat which carried him, touched its side. Washington arose in the stern and with a 
wave of his hand, mounted the ship’s ladder and disappeared from view. His officers, still 
waiting upon the wharf, returned his salute and made their way sadly to their homes. 

The memory of Washington! He was not long to enjoy the solitude and family happiness 
of Mount Vernon, but as he had in the first place been one of the creators of the young and 
inchoate republic, was called forth again to be its savior. It cannot be mistaken history to 
say that if Washington had not presided over the con^tituiionel convrntion and used all 
the powerful influence of his fame and of his pen. the Constitution would never have been 
adopted and the confederacy of the thirteen colonies would probably have fallen to pieces; 
and so George Washington, born and proved a gentleman, known to fame as one of the 
greatest commanders of the centuries, sealed the closing of his great career by his states¬ 
manlike deeds. 

The memory of Washington! He died; and his death and funeral obsequies attracted 
the attention of the nations of the world. One clause of that wonderful document, his will, 
bequeathed to each of four of his nephews, one of his swords in these words: "These swords 
are accompanied with the injunction not to unsheath them for the purpose of shedding blood, 
except it be for self-defense, or in defense of their country and its rights; and in the latter 
case, to keep them unsheathed and prefer falling with them in their hands to the rtlinquisn- 
ment thereof.” 

An eloquent English preacher, at the close of a lecture in this city, upon the "Men of 
the Mayflower,” turned to his audience and gave a brilliant peroration, beginning with the 
sentence, "Such were the men of the Mayflower; what sort of men are ye who are their 
descendants and the inheritors of their blessings?” 

This is the fit question for us here tonight and I would wish that we, ourselves, and that 
our sons’ sons and that their sons after us might be such as Senator Hoar described his fellow 
senator to be in the memorial address already referred to. when he said. "He was one of 
the men that Washington would have loved and that Washington would have leaned upon." 
There never w f as a better epitaph for an American citizen. There can be no better aim than 
to deserve it. 



<Ibe IBattie of Uong Hsland. 

TOr. TO. S>. ©rover. 


Gentlemen, it is a pleasure to be with you tonight. You 
have good cigars and they will give you content and comfort, 
I hope, while I tell you a story of a military blunder of Wash¬ 
ington, of a bloody battle, and of an escape and retreat as provi¬ 
dential as was the escape of the Children of Israel through the 
parting waters of the sea. 

The act of settlement by which Parliament asserted and 
exercised the right to confer the British Crown on the House or' 
Hanover marks an epoch in English history. 

George I. had a daughter by his mistress. Baroness Kiel- 
mansegge, and that daughter became one of the most charming 
and delightful women of her time. She married Viscount Howe, 
an Irish peer, who lived in Nottingham, and had three sons, 
George, Richard and William. The negligence, incapacity or 
indifference of William Howe, who commanded the British army 
in the Battle of Long Island, and of Richard Howe, who com¬ 
manded the English fleet in New York harbor an ocean log. 
which drifted in from the sea over Brooklyn heights, and the 
placing of a Hessian, who could not speak Englisn, on the British 
picket line, saved Washington’s army from capture, enabled it 
to retreat, and made American independence possible. 

General Charles Lee, second in command under Washing¬ 
ton, left Boston in February, before the British army left the 
town for Halifax, and with 1,200 Connecticut militia, took pos¬ 
session of the city of New York, establishing his camp on ground 
now occupied by the post-office and city-hall. General Howe 
retired from Boston on the 17th of March and went to Halifax 
with the British fleet and troops. The next day Washington 
sent part of his army to New York. The rest of his army fol¬ 
lowed, going by way of Norwich and New London, where some of us were the other day. and 
then by sail through Long Island Sound, reaching New York early in April. The city then 
had a population of 22,000. It did not extend above Chatham street. The Hudson river, 
on the line of Wall street, was then tw r o miles wflde and the East river one mile. Wash¬ 
ington and the Military Committee of Congress thought the city ought to be defended and 
could be held against British attack. 

The British campaign for that year contemplated the capture of New York and the 
possession of Hudson river and Lake Champlain. 

General Lee, John Jay and others advised the abandonment of the city and against under¬ 
taking its defense. Washington did not protest, but followed the desire of the committee of 
Congress. Let me ask you to bear in mind that if we ever have a w T ar and get Congress 

to vote the money to carry it on, we should join in asking committees of Congress to keep 

silent. Washington, at the request of Congress, and contrary to his own judgment sent 
General Sullivan with about 4,000 men through Lake Champlain to Canada, leaving in his 
army for the defense of New York not to exceed 10,000 men. 

Let me ask you to follow the dates and facts as I state them. This wflll strengthen some 
of you in the belief that there is an overruling Providence governing men and things. 

William Howe, with the British army which retired from Boston to Halifax, reached 

New York on the 30th day of June, 1776. His army, consisting of about 15,000 men landed 
and encamped on Staten Island. On the 12th day of July, eight days after the Declaration 
of Independence was made public, Richard Howe, commanding the British fleet, entered 
New York Bay and landed about 15,000 British and Hessian troops on Staten Island. On 
the 28th day of July, General Clinton returned from his unsuccessful attack on Charleston, 
accompanied by the fleet of Admiral Parker and over 4,000 men, so that by the last of July 
there were in New’ York harbor fifty-tw T o of the largest British warships on the sea, twenty- 
seven armed sloops and cutters, and four hundred transports, and on Staten Island an army 
of 35,000 men. 

Washington’s army had been increased to about 20,000 men, but one quarter of this 
number was ill or unequipped. On that army of farmers, mechanics and laborers, undis¬ 
ciplined, but brave and patriotic, rested the destiny of the cause of American independence. 
Of the army of Washington 9,000 men w’ere placed on Brooklyn Heights under the command 
of General Greene, wTio caused earthworks and redoubts to be built, extending from Wallabout 
Bay to Gowanus Creek. These 9,000 men were in a trap. Between them and New York, 
w'here the rest of the army was located, was the East river, a mile wdde, and no means of 
retreat in case of defeat because of the w r ant of boats and means of transportation. Across 
the bay on Staten Island w r as the British army of 35,000 men and in the bay and in sight of 
Brooklyn Heights were the British warships, sloops, cutters and transports. 

A small fort had been constructed near the location of the elevated station on what is 
now known as the Battery'. Two or three vessels had been sunk in the channel between 
New* York and Governor’s Island. Batteries had been constructed along the shores of the 
East and North rivers, but they were useless. They were not well manned as there w’ere not 
to exceed 500 artillerymen in Washington’s army. Admiral Howe sent the sloops of w r ar 
Phoenix and Rose up the North river in defiance of the batteries the day following the arrival 
of his fleet in the harbor. The Phoenix and Rose remained in the river in what is known 
as Tappan sea for about ten days. The batteries could not prevent Admiral Howe from 
moving his fleet and the British army up the North river and taking possession of the river 
and of Harlem Heights, thus cutting off retreat of Washington’s army and making its escape 
impossible. Ships could have passed up East river wflth a favorable wflnd. thus preventing a 
retreat of the 9,000 men under the command of Greene on Brooklyn Heights. The fleet, or 
any portion of it, could have sailed though Long Island Sound and located a whole or a part 
of ’the British army in the rear of the army of Washington, thus cutting off its retreat. 

General Howe did not attack and take New York, w'hich he might easily have done soon 
after his arrival, and w r hile Washington’s army was w’eak and unprepared. He remained on 
Staten Island without making a move until the 22nd day of August. He and his brother 
Richard, the admiral, w f ere very anxious to conclude some sort of a Whig or compromise 
peace. The admiral had obtained from the ministry qualified authority to make peace and 
he seems to have had confidence of success, relying perhaps on the large and threatening 
military' and naval British force. 

George How’e, the eldest of the three brothers, was an officer in the British army in the 
French War of 1755. He adopted the habits of the provincials, dressed as they did, joined 



M. D. Grover. 


with them in their method of warfare, and they loved him. He was killed, as you will re¬ 
member, in an attack ordered by General Abercrombie on Fort Ticonderoga. I have seen at 
the spot in the woods where he fell. When the 30th day of May comes no hand of man or 
woman will touch that spot, but it will be decorated by the wild flowers of the woods. The 
refreshing fragrance of mountain honey suckles will be wafted over it by wind from the lake, 
which the fort he fought to capture was constructed to defend. Massachusetts loved George 
Howe, and today there is a monument in Westminster Abbey, which was erected to his 
memory by the Colony of Massachusetts. His brother Richard succeeded him as Lord Howe, 
and. at the request of his mother, his brother William was elected a member of Parliament 
They were Whigs. William and Richard sympathized with the colonies. William voted for 
the repeal of the Stamp Act. He was given command of the army and Richard was given 
command of the fleet because they were related through their mother to the Royal family, 
and because it was believed that through their sympathy with the colonies and through the 
love of the colonies for their brother George, they might be able to negotiate with the 
colonies in such a way as to end the war. Negotiation and conciliation failed, and through 
indifference or incapacity the two brothers failed in nearly every respect to take advantage 
of the situation and of many opportunities to destroy or capture Washington’s army. 

Look at the situation as it was on the 22nd day of August, when General How'e moved 
22,000 of his army across the bay from Staten Island to Long Island. Washington had about 
16.000 fighting men. Of this number 9,000 were on Brooklyn Heights. General Greene was 
sick. Genera] Putnam was in command of the troops on Brooklyn Heights. Behind these 
troops was the East river with no means of crossing it in case of defeat. Beyond them was 
the advancing British army of 22,000 men. About one and one-half miles from the redoubt^ 
was a w T ooded ridge. Putnam sent 5,000 men from the redoubts to take possession of and 
defend this ridge. General Sullivan commanded the left and Lord Sterling the right of th^ 
American army. General Grant commanded the British left. General De Heister commanded 
the British center. General Howe, commanding the British right, •with Cornwallis. Clinton 
and Vaughn, marched to the left of the American position apd to the rear of Sullivan and 
easily captured nearly all of the 2,000 men in his division. It was a case of 5,000 men fighting 
against 22,000. It was an attempt to defend a line that was with the number of troops inde¬ 
fensible. The brave Maryland troops on the American right, Colonel Smallwood’s regiment, 
fought bravely and desperately under General Sterling. 

By the way. Lord Sterling was an intelligent and brave officer. He claimed a British 
title through his mother, who was a very distinguished woman and an heiress. Though of 
noble blood she loved business. She kept a general merchandise store and was always spoken 
of by her neighbors as a remarkable woman on account of her intelligence, thrift and force of 
character. One thing made her notable among her neighbors. The day after the general was 
born she attended her store and sold goods to the amount of thirty pounds. 

At sunset on the night of the 27th day of August, which was the day of the battle, this was 
the position of Washington’s army. He had 8,000 men inside the earthworks on Brooklyn 
Heights. 1,000 having been killed, injured or captured during the battle. These men w T ere 
in a trap. On the one side were over 20,000 British troops and on the other the East river, 
a mile wide, with no boats or means of crossing. The rest of Washington’s army was in New 
York, most of it below Chatham street, where had been gathered nearly all of the ammuni¬ 
tion and supplies upon which the army depended. Why did not General Howe follow up the 
attack and capture the 8,000 troops behind the breastworks and redoubts? Clinton. Corn¬ 
wallis and Vaughn urged a pursuit and attack. General Howe would not permit it. Why 
did not Admiral Howe move his fleet, or part of it. into the East river and thus prevent 
the escape and retreat of the army from Brooklyn Heights? I will tell you why. There was 
a northeast wind w’hieh blew all that day and also on the 28th and 29th. The British fleet 
and boats could not beat up into the river in the face of the wind. An attempt w T as made. 
One boat got near enough to the battery on Red Hook to silence it. 

On the 2Sth Washington moved the Pennsylvania regiment and Glover’s brigade of Mar¬ 
blehead fishermen across the river into the works on Brooklyn Heights, only Xo add to the 
number of men tc be captured had Admiral Richard Howe seen fit to take possession of East 
river, which he could have done but for the northeast wind. 

On the morning of the 29th General Mifflin and another officer followed the American lines 
to Red Hook, where they saw, as the fog over the bay lifted, signs that the British fleet was 
preparing to move, and they immediately reported the fact to Washington. Still the northeast 
wind continued to blow. Washington realized that, should there be a change in the wind, 
the fleet would take possession of East river and prevent a retreat of the army from Brooklyn 
Heights. He gave secret orders to two officers whom he could trust and, on the 29th, they 
gathered all the boats that could be had on the North river and moved them into East 

river, in order that they might be used during the night of the 29th to move the army and 

supplies from Brooklyn to New York. The 29th was a bright day. There was nothing to 
prevent Admiral Howe from taking possession of the North river and preventing the obtaining 
of boats to be moved into the East river, except the northeast wind and perhaps an indis¬ 
position to act. One of the smallest armed sloops or cutters in the British fleet, could it 
have sailed against the wind into the North river, could have prevented the gathering of 

boats in East river, and thus have made impossible the retreat of the army from Brooklyn 

Heights. On the 28th and 29th Howe’s army was digging trenches, and at some places had 
approached to within six hundred yards of the American line. The British army w ? as gradually 
enclosing the earthworks and redoubts and without making a charge or firing a gun would 
have captured the army on Brooklyn Heights, for it had not to exceed ten days’ supplies or 
provisions, had it not been able to retreat by the use of the boats which had been moved into 
the East river during the day of the 29th of August. 

The Northeast wind continued to bow T until midnight of that day. This made it impossible 
to move the sailing vessels across the river. The river was so rough that row-boats could 
not carry more than half a load, but between twelve and one o’clock that night the wind 
changed and the water of the river became calm. There was sufficient breeze to move the 
sail boats, and. with the breeze, came a thick fog which covered Brooklyn Heights and the 
river to the water’s edge of the New York shore. While the stars twinkled above it and 
the light of the moon fell upon the sea, that fog hung over Brooklyn Heights and the East 
river until after seven o’clock on the morning of the 30th. The British were unconscious of 
the retreat. A Tory woman, Mrs. Rapalje. living near Fulton Ferry, sent one of her slaves 
early in the night of the 29th to the British line to give information that the army was 
retreating. The slave met a Hessian picket, who talked German and could not understand 
any other language. He could not understand the slave and. instead of permitting him to go 
on to tell the story where he could be understood, and which he w T as sent to tell, imprisoned 
and kept him until morning, and then it was too late. It is clear that but for the failure of 
General Howe to move his army against Washington, and of Admiral Howe to take possession 
of Long Island Sound. Flushing Bay, the East and North rivers in July or early in August, 
Washington’s army would have been captured or destroyed. It is clear that, had Cornwallis. 
Clinton and Vaughn been permitted to pursue the American army on its retreat after its defeat 
on the 27th of August, it would have been captured or destroyed. It is clear that, had an 


Englishman instead of a Hessian been placed upon the British picket line after the battle, the 
errand of the slave of Mrs. Rapalje would have been accomplished and the retreat of the 
American army prevented by an immediate attack. 

The night of the 29th was bright with the light of the stars and the moon until after mid¬ 
night. Had not the wind changed, and brought in upon its bosom a dense fog to cover Brooklyn 
Heights and concealed the retreat, the American army would have been destroyed by an imme¬ 
diate attack. Had the wind blown from the west, instead of the northeast, on the 27th and 
28th of August, ships from Admiral Howe’s fleet could and would have sailed into the East 
river and prevented the retreat. 

When in New York I suggest that you go upon Brooklyn Heights, look the ground over 

and bring to mind how American independence was made possible and the capture of Wash¬ 

ington’s army prevented through the failure of William and Richard Howe to do their duty, 
through the blowing of a northeast wind, the drifting over Brooklyn Heights of a dense fog 
and the placing of a Hessian soldier on the British picket line. 

After Howe took possession of the works on Brooklyn Heights on the 30th day of August, 
he waited until the 15th day of September before he undertook to move his army across the 
river to New York. Washington retreated to Harlem Heights, leaving General Putnam with 
about 4,000 men in the city below Chatham street. During the days that Howe remained 
idle, Washington was appealing to the committee of Congress for leave to abandon New York. 
On the 10th consent was given. In the meantime supplies had been removed from the city 

to the army on Harlem Heights. This was done by teams to a small extent, but mainly on 

the North river, no boat being sent from the British fleet to interfere. 

The fleet took possession of East river on the 10th. General Howe moved his army across 
the river on the 15th. From the 10th to the 15th Washington was active in moving supplies 
from the city to Harlem Heights. When General Howe crossed the river on the 15th his troops 
landed at the foot of what is now Thirty-fourth street. His army halted between Fifth and 
Sixth avenues and Thirty-fourth and Thirty-seventh streets and remained there for four or 
five hours. Murray Hill, as it is now' called, was at that time ow’ned by Robert Murray. He 
w r as a Quaker and kept silent. No one knew w r hether he was for King or country. His wife 
was a very intelligent, charming and entertaining woman. General Howe, with his staff, 
stopped at the Murray House and were entertained by Mrs. Murray for three or four hours, 
while his army rested between Fifth and Sixth avenues, and -while Aaron Burr w r as leading 
Putnam and the troops that had occupied the city along a path with which he was acquainted, 
near the line of Tenth avenue, to the old Bloomingdale road, which ran along the shore of 
the Hudson river to Harlem Heights. While Howe’s army marched north along a road, now 
Fifth avenue, Putnam under the guidance of Aaron Burr, was leading the American army 
along the shore of the Hudson river and in the vicinity of Grant’s tomb. The delay of the 
British army for four hours between Fifth and Sixth avenues, w r hile General Howe was being 
entertained by Mrs. Murray, saved from capture four or five thousand men under Putnam. 

The advance of the British army w r as attacked and compelled to retreat at a point between 
101st and 115th streets. General Howe then waited four w r eeks before making any further 
advance. No attempt was made to move up the Hudson river or into the East river until four 
w r eeks after his army left Brooklyn Heights. 

Lee, Greene and Mifflin had importuned Washington to retreat from Harlem Heights, and 
he did retreat to White Plains, leaving about two miles below King's bridge in Fort Washington 
between three and four thousand men. Howe made an attack on October 28th and took by 
storm' small American outposts on Chatterton Hill. He would not attack Washington’s main 
force. He never gave any reason for not following up the attack. In his narrative given in 
answer to criticism he said he had political reasons and no other for declining to explain, and 
his friend, General Cornwallis, when questioned before a committee of inquiry made the same 
statement. 

Washington hesitated in respect to the abandonment of Fort Washington. When he 
retreated to White Plains this fort w r as left w r ell within the British lines. It was commanded 
by Colonel Magraw. Washington, instead of ordering him to retreat, permitted him to remain 
and untertake a defense to the fort. It was not really a fort, but an open earthwork without 
a ditch or outside obstruction of any consequence. It had no barracks, casemates, fuel or water. 
It had outer works, something like six miles in length, which required for their defense over 
15,000 troops. Colonel Magraw found that he could protect his force better by remaining outside 
of the fort than inside of it. There was desultory fighting for a few days until the British 
gathered around the fort in such force that Magraw was compelled to surrender and he did 
surrender over 3,000 Pennsylvania and Maryland troops, being much the best troops in Wash¬ 
ington’s army. The undertaking of the defense was inexcusable. It was a blunder, and the 
capture of 3,000 of the best troops in the American army, many of them held to rot and die 
in British prison ships, when they might have retreated, came near ruining the cause of inde¬ 
pendence. 

I have not time to tell you more, or of the march to Hackensack and through New Jersey, 
and how General Howe could, if he had been alert and aggressive, have captured the army, and 
how Cornwallis and Clinton begged leave to pursue, attack and destroy it. Neither have I time 
to talk about the mistake of Howe in placing his army in cantonments ten or fifteen miles 
apart between the Hudson river and the Delaware, thus making it possible for Washington 
to attack and capture the Hessians at Trenton. When we look at our flag and think what it 
signifies, w'hat free institutions have done for the world, what American genius and spirit has 
done, that wherever language is written there is an American typewriter, wherever change is 
made you will find an American cash-register, that American locomotives are hauling trains 
by the pyramids of Egypt. American pumps are throwing water out of the Jordan to irrigate 
the gardens of Palestine, the ovens of Jerusalem are baking bread made of Minneapolis flour, 
and that in Corea, the Hermit nation, San Francisco capital has built, and San Francisco motor- 
men are running, electric street cars, we shall the better understand the great significance of 
the facts of history to which I have referred, and how much we owe to a northeast wind, a 
Hessian picket, a dense fog and Mrs. Robert Murray. 


Che i£verysH>ay 0eorge ^Washington. 

Compatriot j£ll Corrancc. 


Washington has been dead for more than a century. None 
of his day or generation survive and we are now compelled 
to resort to books and documents for our knowledge of this 
great American. 

In the early sixties I had a nomadic residence in what was 
known as the Northern Neck of Virginia. It covered a period 
of almost four years, but I acquired no property rights in the 
“Old Dominion” apart from the sacred soil that adhered to a 
soldier’s shoes. It was a strange experience for a boy in his 
teens, and Mt. Vernon and Fredericksburg—the Potomac and 
the Rappahannock, and the hills and valleys that lay between, 
became almost as familiar to me as they had been to George 
Washington, more than six score years before when he was 
a boy. 

I then knew little concerning Washington. I knew that 
he was called the Father of His Country and that Virginia 
was a part, and a very important part, of that country. I 
recalled that Virginia had contributed much to the establish¬ 
ment of the Union and had shared generously in the honors 
and blessings of that Union. I believed that without the in¬ 
spiring voice of Patrick Henry, the judicial wisdom of John 
Marshall and the broad, far seeing statesmanship of Jefferson, 
Madison and Monroe, the American Republic might never have 
had an existence, but it confused me to find the “Mother of 
Presidents” arrayed against the flag of Washington and the 
descendants of Washington and his neighbors, seeking to undo 
the great work that had been accomplished by Washington and 
his compatriots in those early days of heroic endeavor. The 
questions leading up to the Civil War and the issues involved 
in it were far too great for me to comprehend and in the confusion of the strife Washington 
disappeared from view, only to be recalled to mind by monuments and steel engravings. 

Tonight, with your permission, I will temporarily dispense with the pedestal and steel 
engravings and invite the real George Washington to sit down with us for a little while at 
this banqueting table, for he was given to hospitality and could both grace and enjoy an 
occasion of this kind. And here let me remind you that he never delayed a feast. Promptness 
and orderly conduct marked his career from boyhood to old age. In this respect, as in 
many others, he was like his mother. Method, with Mary Washington, was almost a 
mania. She was never a minute late at church or any public function. With punctilious 
exactness she observed all her appointments and regulated all the movements of her house¬ 
hold by the old clock now peserved at “Kenmore.” 

Her illustrious son had also such a clock. At dinner he allowed five minutes for the 

possible variation of time pieces. After that he would wait for no one and if an apologizing 

guest arrived after the dinner was advanced, his excuses were met with the quiet announce¬ 
ment, “Sir, I have a cook who never asks whether the company has come, but whether the 
hour has come.” 

He had a mathematical mind. Geometry and Trigonometry were special studies, and at 
the age of 15 he had surveyed all the fields about the school house, plotting them and setting 
down everything with great exactness. At the age of 16. in company with his young friend, 
Fairfax, he crossed the Blue Ridge to survey the lands of Lord Fairfax in the Shenandoah 

Valley. It was in the month of March—stormy and cold, and one of the hardest months 

in the year in which to live an outdoor life. The two young men had plenty of hard work 
as well as much adventure. They camped out in the midst of wild storms, swam their horses 
over swollen streams, shot deer and wild turkeys. 

At one place they had the good fortune to be on hand when 30 Indians returned from 
the war path. “We had,” said Washington, “some liquor of which we gave them a part. 
This elevated their spirits and put them in the humor of dancing, so they had a grand war 
dance to the music of a native band, consisting of two pieces, a pot half full of water, over 
which a deer skin was stretched and a gourd with some shot in it used as a rattle.” This 
surveying trip was the beginning of Washington’s public life and his satisfactory execution 
of the task brought him an appointment from the Governor as public surveyor, an office 
which he held for three years. In those days many disputes and lawsuits grew out of in¬ 
accurate surveys, but Washington made few, if any. mistakes and his surveys were the only 
ones that could be depended upon. 

His out door life toughened him and made him self-reliant. He was tall, fine looking 
and straight as an arrow, and moved his feet with the precision and care of an Indian. His 
isolation in the wilderness doubtless contributed to his habit of silence. Diving so much by 
himself he thought for himself and relied on himself. 

His manners were gracious and courtly—his demeanor dignified and his temper fiery, 
but always well-restrained. He was not what you would call a “good fellow" or a “hand¬ 
shaker,” and it would be hard to conceive of him touring the country in a special car, bowing 
and shouting to the people from the rear platform. He was too reserved to be popular with 
the crowd. While formal and reserved, he had, however, a warm and tender heart. This was 
repeatedly shown in his early love affairs and especially in his impetuous courtship of the 
graceful, hazel-eyed, animated young widow who became his wife. Although childless, he 
loved children and no other class of persons had such complete and ready access to his 
heart. 

He loved horses and dogs. His own mounts were hard to follow in chase or battle. 
Fox hunting was his delight and his hounds were so bred and matched in speed and habit 
that they always kept time and pace together in the field. He enjoyed robust health, was 
of athletic strength and enjoyed all rational out-door sports. It was part of his genius to 
find time for everything. He rose early, breakfasted lightly, was in the saddle in the cool 
of the morning, visited the different parts of his estate and superintended all work and 
improvements ordered. He was kind and just to his servants and even worked with them, 
which was a rare thing for a Virginian planter to do. 

His habits of thoroughness and love of work clung to him through life and it was no 
easy matter for the neighboring planters to reach the high standard of excellence set 
by him. 

He was his own stenographer and book-keeper. All his letters were written in a large, 



Ell Torrance. 



round hand and his books of account were kept with scrupulous exactness. He guessed 
at nothing. He w r as his own lawyer. With his gardner he drew up and signed a contract to 
the effect that if the gardner kept sober at all other times he would allow him $4.00 at Christ¬ 
mas with which to be drunk four days and nights; $2.00 at Easter to effect the same pur¬ 
pose; $2.00 at Whitsuntide to be drunk for two days and a dram morning, noon and night 
on ordinary occasions. 

He dressed well. Here is a copy of a summer order sent to London in 1761. “A superfine 
velvet suit with garters for the breeches, pumps, riding gloves, worked ruffles at 20 shillings 
a pair, housings of fine cloth edged with embroidery; plain clothes with gold or silver 
buttons." 

Arrayed in such apparel he would certainly be entitled to a prominent seat at this table. 

To ride hard and to drink hard seemed to go together in the golden age of Virginia, 
but Washington held aloof from all vices. He was not, however, a total abstainer and his 
scruples did not prevent him from furnishing to the voters who first elected him to the House 
of Burgesses a good dinner with “blood tonic" to the extent of a barrel of punch, 35 gallons 
of wine and 43 gallons of hard cider. 

He was not a good after-dinner talker. Like most good soldiers he could fight better 
than he could talk on his feet. At the conclusion of his services as Commander-in-chief of 
the Virginia Army he was elected to his first political office and his associates resolved to 
welcome him in a manner becoming so gallant a Virginian. A resolution of thanks was 
therefore passed for his distinguished military service rendered the country. When Wash¬ 
ington came to take his seat, the speaker rose and made a little speech of praise and welcome 
presenting the thanks of the House. Washington stood, blushing, stammering, confused and 
could not utter a word. The Speaker happily broke the silence and said, "Sit down, General 
Washington, your modesty equals your valor and that surpasses the power of language to 
express." 

Twenty-five years afterwards when there was a serious breach between the army and 
congress, he called the officers together to read to them a strong address prepared for the 
momentuous occasion and after reading a few words he stopped, took out his spectacles 
and said, as he put them on, "Gentlemen, you will pardon me for putting on my glasses. 
I have grown gray in your service and I now find myself growing blind." It was' a simple 
thing to say, but the manner in which it was said touched the soldiers’ hearts and made 
them even more ready than before to listen to his counsel. 

At the age of 11 he w r as fatherless, but his mother was spared to him until after he 
was elected and inaugurated first President of the United States. She was a woman of 
remarkable character, clear judgment, wonderful executive ability and in all her long life 
manifested the highest common sense and unwaivering devotion to duty. It was a just tribute 
to her when Washington said, "All I am I owe to my mother." Truly she nursed a hero at 
her breast, and in her illustrious son gave to the cause of American liberty and independence 
a man of over-towering greatness, sufficient for every emergency and with a character 
shaped by a mother’s love and prayers into a likeness almost divine. In closing, gentlemen, 
I submit this sentiment: 

Reverence, honor and praise, not alone to our heroes, and great public men, but to 
the noble women who bore them and nurtured and trained them; to the motherhood of 
heroic days and heroic men; the true builders of the Republic and the real moulders of every 
virtue embedded in our constitution and our laws. (Applause.) 



Miss Margaret Ingram. 


Second verse of “Oeneral UUasblngton” 
as sung at our afternoon exercises 
on February 22 , 1904. 


2 * 

His life he risked in freedom's cause 
In battle’s thickest part he fought, 

And all through life in war or peace 
Great deeds of sacrifice he wrought. 

Now many a year has fleeted by 
Since that great day wffien by his hand, 
Oppression’s chains were cast away 
And "Freedom" rang through all the land. 


♦The above is an original composition by Miss Margaret Ingram, a pupil in the A. 8th 
grade of the Madison School, St. Paul. Miss Ingram was born, Feb. 15, 1888, in Huntley, 
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and has been a resident of America and St. Paul but seven months/ 





©fficers 


President: 

Hon. William B. Dean, St. Paul. 

Past Presidents: 

Gen. John B. Sanborn, St. Paul. 
Daniel R Noyes, St. Paul. 

Hon. Ell Torrance, Minneapolis. 

Gen. Judson W. Bishop, St. Paul. 

Hon. E. C. Stringer, St. Paul. 

Henry A. Boardman, St. Paul. 

Hon. Frank G. McMillan, Minneapolis 

Vice-Presidents: 

Hon. J. C. Haynes, Minneapolis. 

Jesse A. Gregg, St. Paul. 

Honorary Vice-Presidents: 

Hon. R. R. Nelson, St Paul. 

Hon. W. H. Sanborn, St. Paul. 

Hon. L. W. Collins, St. Cloud. 


Honorary Vice-Presidents: 

Hon. Calvin L. Brown, Morris. 
Hon. J. 0. Pierce, Minneapolis. 
Secretary: 

Dr. Reginald B. Leach, 

508 Ernst Building, St. Paul. 
Assistant Secretary: 

Charles Stees, St. Paul. 
Treasurer: 

Edward R. Sanford, Jr., 

503 P. P. Bldg., St. Paul. 
Registrar: 

Dr Reginald B. Leach, St. Paul. 
Historian: 

Rev. M. D. Edwards, D. D., 

St. Paul. 

Chaplain: 

Rev. E. C. Mitchell, St. Paul. 


Committees of Brrangement 


Ipubllc Exercises 


JAMES P. GR1BBEN, Chairman CHARLES H. BRONSON 

CHARLES STEES WILLIAM G. WHITE 

BISHOP H. SCHRIBER GRANT VAN SANT 

REGINALD B. LEACH, Secreary 


^Banquet 


HENRY A. BOARDMAN, Chairman LOUIS D. WILKES 

WILL J. DEAN E. J. WESTLAKE 


Ushers 


CHAS. STEES, Chairman 

J. W. CHAMBERLAIN, M. D. 
W. G. NOYES 

A. M. WICKWIRE 
L. P. CHUTE 
F. D. MONFORT 


CHAS. L. JOHNSTON 
DOUGLAS PUTNAM 
JNO. M. BOXELL 

ROY P. INGMUNDSON 
CHAS. F. SPEAR 
GEO. S. RING 


IHiqh School Contest 


FRANK G. McMILLAN, Chairman 
ELL TORRENCE 


LOREN W. COLLINS 
JAMES 0. PIERCE 


REGINALD B. LEACH, Secretary 



imembers of £be Society 


Abbott, E. J., M. D.. 

Adams, J. Q. 

Adams, J. W. 

Adams, S. E. 

Aldrich, H. C., M. D. . 
Andrus, E. P. 

Backus, C. J. 

Baker, J. E. 

Barnes, M. O. 

Barrett, W. P. 

Barton, E. B. 

Barton, Percival. 

Beeman, E. R. 

Beaumont, J. I. 

Bell, E. J. 

Bell, F. S. 

Bennett, W. H. 

Bentley, W. A. 

Benton, A. A. 

Benton, A. H. 

Benton, W. H. 

Bishop, E. J. 

Bishop, J. W. 

Boardman, H. A. 

Bonfey, W. E. 

Boxell, E. C., M. D.... 

Boxell, J. M. 

Boxell, R. H. 

Bronson, C. H. 

Brown, C. A. 

Brown, C. L. 

Brown, E. M., Jr. 

Brown, W. S. 

Bruce, C. S. 

Bucknum, W. M. 

Burbank, H. C. 

Burchard, J. C. 

Burchard, J. E. 


.425 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.1111 Summit Ave., S't. Paul, Minn. 

..3 Crocus Hill. St. Paul, Minn. 

.P. O. Box 447, Minneapolis, Minn. 

..313 Medical Blk., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Ft. Apache, Ariz. 

.733 Holly Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Mankato, Minn. 

.Colorado Springs, Colo. 

.Siems & Shields, St. Paul, Minn. 

St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Inver Grove, Minn. 

.2104 Kenwood Parkway, Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Court House, St. Paul, Minn. 

..Merchants Hotel, St. Paul, Minn. 

.Winona, Minn. 

.350 Temple Court, Minneapolis, Minn. 

..Bismarck, N. D. 

....Nat. Bank of Commerce, Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Madelia, Minn. 

.Perth, N. D. 

.193 Mackubin St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Endicott Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.497 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Tipton, Ind. 

.Cor. Wabasha & 4th Sts., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.75 E. Sycamore St., St. Paul, Minn. 

..85 W. Congress St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Smith & Taylor, E. 4th St., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.122 Flour Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Morris, Minn. 

.1759 Marshall Ave.. St. Paul, Minn. 

.Des Moines, Iowa. 

.Luverne, Minn. 

.Omaha, Neb. 

..Rochester, Minn. 

.Marshall, Minn. 

.616 Holly Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 


Cairns, C. S. 

Calhoun, J. F. 

Carr, W. H. 

Castle, C. W., U. S'. A.... 

Castle, H. A. 

Chamberlain, J. W., M. D 

Chittenden, A. C. 

Chittenden, E. S. 

Chittenden, N. S.. 

Chute, F. B. 

Chute, L. P. 

Clark, T. C., M. D. 

Clark, N. W. 

Collins, L. W. 

Colvillo, Wm. 

Comfort, E. V. 

Cone, R. D. 

Cook, S. C.. 

Cornish, W r . D. ....”. 

Corser, H. S. 

Cowen, B. S. 

Cowles, C. S. 

Crosby, F. M. 

Cruttenden, H. L. 


.313 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.1900 Dupont Ave. So.. Minneapolis, Minn. 

.631 Dayton Ave., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.West Point, N. Y. 

.S't. Paul, Minn. 

.Dowry Bldg.. St. Paul, Minn. 

.Marshall, Minn. 

.Pioneer Press Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Oelwein, Iowa. 

1024 University Ave. S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 

,1024 University Ave. S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 

..Stillwater, Minn. 

.67 Lyndale Ave. N., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.St. Cloud, Minn. 

.Duluth, Minn. 

.Stillwater, Minn. 

.3116 1st Ave. So., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.494 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.120 Broadway, New York City. 

.1819 Vine Place, Minneapolis, Minn. 

195 Broadway, New York, “Associated Press.” 

.1969 Carroll St., S't. Paul, Minn. 

...Hastings, Minn. 

.Northfleld, Minn. 


Daggett, F. S 
Danfort, E. L 
Dean, W. B.. 


.1882 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

600 Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn. 
.353 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 



































































imemberssContinued 


uean, w. J .514 Grand Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Deane, A. J.*.423 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Decker, W. F. 325 10 th Ave. S’. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Denny, H. R.319 pleasant Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

De Witt, H. G.Fresno, Cal. 

Dickinson, S. W. 457 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Dodge, L. L.2000 Aldrich Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Donaldson, W. T.White Bear Lake, Minn. 

Doolittle, A. A.Endicott Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Dorsey, E. B.524 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Dorsey, W. A.459 Portland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Dow, J. J.Faribault, Minn. 

Dunham, M. S.314 W. 9th S't., New York City. 

Durant, E. W.Stillwater, Minn. 

Dean, Sidney B... .353 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Eberlein, C. W.Wells Fargo Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 

Eddy, A. M.N. P. Ry. Office, St. Paul, Minn. 

Edgerton, G. B.Nat. German-American Bank Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Edwards, C. G.672 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Edwards, M. D., D. D.423 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Egbert, J. P.Flushing, L. I. 

Ellwood, L. B.N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Espy, John.112 Western Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Evans, B. H.Schuneman & Evans, St. Paul, Minn. 

Evans, F. H.Schuneman & Evans, St. Paul, Minn. 

Emm, Prof. H. C.Faribault, Minn. 


Field. J. I. H.251 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Field, T. C.251 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Fitzgerald, D. F., M. D.2300 Portland Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Fitzgerald. R. J., M. D.2500 Portland Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Fletcher, F. F.2816 W. 44th St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Flint, H. A. .Review Pub. Co., S't. Paul, Minn. 

Franklin, B. E.3129 Portland Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 


Gale, S. C.68 South 11th St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Gates, H. A.State Board of Control, Capitol, St. Paul, Minn. 

Gifford, V. R.Northfield, Minn. 

Goff, H. S.2628 Clinton Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Goff. R. E. Stillwater, Minn. 

Coodsell. C. ..Fergus Falls, Minn. 

Grant, L. A .513 Bank of Commerce Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Grant! W. H., Jr.513 N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Gray, E. G. 1106 Boss S't., St. Paul, Minn. 

Gregg. J. A. .483 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Gribben, J. P.194 E - 7th st -» St - Paul » Minn. 

Gooch, Herbert ..Duluth, Minn. 


Hahn. W. J. 

Haldeman, A. L. 

Hall, C. F. W. 

Hall. H. P. 

Hall, O. H.. M. D. 

Hammond, W. S. 

Handy, W. C. 

Harrington, S. N. 

Hayes, S'. M. 

Haynes, J. C. 

Hesselgrave, S. S., M. D 

Hodge, F. A. 

Holcombe, E. R. 

Hough. F. E. 

Hough, J. S. 

Hoyt, P. F. 

Hubbard, L. B. 

Hubbard, L. V. 

Hume, S. L. 

Huntington, J. H. 

Hurd, R. 

Herrick. I. A. 


_313 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

, ..C., R., I. & P. Ry. Office, Chicago, Ill. 

.493 St. Peter S't,, St. Paul, Minn. 

.155 Nina Ave., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.Ernst Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.St. James, Minn. 

.183 Goodrich Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Marshall, Minn. 

.Gilfillan Blk.. St. Paul, Minn. 

.City Hall, Minneapolis, Minn. 

.203 Baltimore Blk., St. Paul, Minn. 

..Pine City, Minn. 

908 Pioneer Press Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Duluth, Minn. 

.135 Iglehart. St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Glasco, Mont. 

.303 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.303 Dayton Ave., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.11 2nd St. N., Minneapolis, Minn. 

613 Fourth St. South, Minneapolis, Minn. 
....214 Manhattan Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 
.Farmington, Minn. 





































































imcmberssContinued 


Ingmundson. R. .. 905 Marshall Ave., St. Paul, 

Jackson, J. .Kalispell, 

Jackson, R. A.Grand Forks, 

tovtim F N .Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, 

Jewett, C. .. 694 Holly Ave., St. Paul. 

TpTVpttt p h t\ ....365 Oakland Ave., St. Paul, 

jeweu/w. r..:v.v.v. .i*ake Bik., s-t. p au i, 

Johnson, A. .Benson, 

Johnson, C. ..C„ St. P., M. & O. Ry„ St. Paul, 

Johnston, C. .. Ger - Life Bldg ’ st - Paul * 

Johnston E R . 929 Chicago Ave., Minneapolis, 

Jones E J .Field, Schlick & Co., St. Paul, 


Minn. 

Mont. 
N. D. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 
Minn. 


Kessler, H. C.Butte, Mont. 

Kilgore, W. W. Winona, Minn. 

Kingsbury, D. L. 1996 Milwaukee Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Kinney. H. M. Winona, Minn. 

Knapp, W. H.Rochester, Minn. 

Knowles, J. ..”52 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Keith, Charles .Princeton, Minn. 


Lainberton, H. W 

Landon, C. C. 

Landon, W. J. 

Langford, N. R.... 

Leach, G. E. 

Leach, R. B., M. D 
Lightner, W. H... 
Lounsbury, C. A.. 

Lynch, F. B. 

Ladd, Geo. A. 


.Winona, Minn. 

.Winona, Minn. 

. Winona, Minn. 

.291 So. Exchange S't., St. Paul, Minn. 
1517 Stevens Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.508 Ernst Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.318 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Fargo, N. D. 

.1954 Iglehart St., St. Paul. Minn. 

.. ..873 Oakdale Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 


Mackey, J. S'. 

Mahler. F. E. 

Mandigo, W. R. 

Marchand, N. 

Markoe, J. C., M. D 

Marshall, E. 

Masterman, W. C... 

Matson, F. W. 

Maxwell, G. E. 

Mellen, F. H. 

Merriam, A. W. 

Merriam, W. R. 

Merrill, B. J, M. D. . 

Merrill, C. W. 

Metcalf, G. R., M. D. 
Mitchell, E. C., Rev.. 

Mitchell, W. I. 

Monfort, F. D. 

Moore, C. A. 

Moore, O. P. 

Munger, P. S. 

Myers, W. F. 

McGill, A. R. 

McGill, C. H. 

McKibbin, J. 

McMillan, C. E. 

McMillan, F. G. 

McMillan, J. H. 

McPherson, W. W. 
McCullom, Dr. C. A. 

Nash, A. S'. 

Nash, G. A. 

Neal, G. S. 

Nelson, R. R. 

Norton, A. W. 

Norton, J. C. 

Noyes, D. R. 


.Pioneer Press Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.395 Dayton Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.722 Selby Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Schuneman & Evans, St. Paul, Minn. 

.344 Selby Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Manchester, Tenn. 

.Stillw’ater, Minn. 

.West Pub. Co., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.601 Phot nix Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.212 W. 27th St., Minneapolis. Minn. 

.602 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

International Mercantile Agency, N. Y. City 

.Stillwater, Minn. 

.669 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

..HO W. 4th St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.534 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.168 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.2nd Nat. Bank, St. Paul, Minn. 

.589 Goodrich Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

. Lamberton, Minn. 

. Duluth, Minfi. 

. Capitol Bank, St. Paul, Minn. 

.2203 Scudder St., S't. Paul, Minn. 

.11 Summit Court, St. Paul, Minn. 

.83 Virginia Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.LuVerne, Minn. 

.700 10th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. 

. .C., St. P., M. & O. Ry., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Stillwater, Minn. 

. 627 Andrus Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.59 S. Victoria St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.667 Goodrich Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.431 Portland Ave., 'St.^ Paul, Minn. 

.Minnesota Club, St. Paul, Minn! 

.Northfleld, Minn. 

.488 Holly Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

.366 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 





































































ITflcmbers--Continued 


Noyes, W. S. G.366 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Nunnally E. G..672 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Ogden, B. H., M. D.Ernst Bldg:., St. Paul, Minn. 

Osborne, C. N.Basin, Mont. 

Osborne, F. 0. 510 Manhattan Bldg.. St. Paul, Minn. 

Ozmun, E. H.U. S. Consul. S'tuttgart, Germany. 

Putnam, D.St. P. Fire & Marine Ins. Co.. St. Paul, Minn. 

Palmer. C. B.... .250 Broadway, New York City 

Palmer, Geo. 714 Genessee St., St. Paul, Minn. 

Paxton. J. D., D. D.Princeton, N. J. 

Phelps, W. F. 599 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Phillips, C. M.Northfield, Minn. 

Pierce, J. O.N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Pond, G. E.Ft. Thomas, Ky, 

Pope, J. C.Mora, Minn. 

Powers, Le G.Washington, D. C. 

Purdy. W. F.632 Holly Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Randall. F. L.St. Cloud, Minn. 

Rice, F. D.427 Portland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Richardson. W. E.Duluth, Minn. 

Riheldaffer. J. H.2410 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Ring, G. S. 494 Ashland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Rittenhouse, C. E.806 S. E. Fourth St., Minneapolis. Minn. 

Robbins, A. B 1 .512 Kasota Blk., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Robinson. L. A.707 Fairmont Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Rogers, E. G.596 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Russell, S. G.1428 Lafayette St., Denver, Colo. 

Roberts, S. G. L.Pine City, Minn. 

Sanborn, E. P.505 Oakland Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Sanborn, J. B.187 E. 9th St., St. Paul, Minn. 

Sanborn, W. H. 143 Virginia Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Sanford. E. R., Jr.503 Pioneer Press Bldg.. St. Paul, Minn. 

Schriber, B. H.727 Fairmont Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Scisco. L. D.Pioneer Press Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Sewell, S. L.2001 Stevens Ave., Minneapolis. Minn. 

Seward, V. C.Marshall, Minn. 

Sheire, R.100 11th St., St. Paul. Minn. 

Shepard, G. P.Marshall, Minn. 

Sibley, W. B.Helena, Mont. 

Smallwood. W. H.Duluth, Minn. 

Smith, A. E.33 South 10th St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Smith, B*. W.37 East 10th St., St. Paul, Minn. 

Smith. C. R.251 Summit Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Smith, E. R.502 Manhattan Bldg., St. Paul. Minn. 

Smith, J. S.The Buckingham, St. Paul, Minn. 

Spencer, C. L.Post Office, St. Paul, Minn. 

Spencer, H. R.Duluth, Minn. 

S’tcbbins, A. T.Rochester, Minn. 

Stees, Chas.Cor. 7th. and Jackson Sts., St. Paul, Minn. 

Stone, E. C.Noyes Bros. & Cutler, St. Paul, Minn. 

Spear, C. T.C., St. P., M. & O. Ry., St. Paul, Minn. 

Stringer, E. C.Nat. Ger.-Amer. Bank Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Sumner, E. A.141 Broadway, New York City. 

Stearns, I. C.Zumbrota, Minn. 

Saunders, Robt. C.Pine City, Minn. 

Tallmadge, A. S..94 E. 4th St., St. Paul, Minn. 

Taylor, E. H. C.N. P. Ry. Office, St. Paul, Minn. 

Thompson, C. T.36 Loan & Trust Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Thompson, W. E.879 Pascal Ave., St. Paul, Miinn. 

Thurston, C. B.(C. H. Johnston) Manhattan Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Thurston, W. H.450 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Timmerman, W. 0.2317 Girard Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn. 

Taylor. Charles H.Nat. Ger.-Amer. Bank Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Titcombe, J. D.Duluth, Minn. 

Todd, I.Hastings, Minn. 





































































imembers--Continued 


Torrance, Ell.N. Y. Life Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Tracy, C. L.Western Fuel Co., St. Paul, Minn. 

Tracy, J. P.».San Francisco, Cal. 

Tuttle, W. B.1312 Portland Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 


Upham, H. P.First Nat. Bank, St. Paul. Minn. 

Vance, J. R.102 Western Ave. N., St. Paul, Minn. 

Vanderwarker, S. W.520 Marshall Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 

Van Sant, G.N. Y. Life Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

Van Sant. S. R.State Capitol, St. Paul. Minn. 

Varney, H. C.St. Paul Ice Co., St. Paul. Minn. 


Wade, B. F. 

Wade, J. P. 

Wade, J. F. 

Warner, G. F. 

Washburn, W. D. 

Washington, L. C. 

Weed, J. H. 

Weed. P. C. 

Weeks, C. F. 

Weeks, H. H. 

Wells, H. P. 

West, H. D. 

Westlake, H. J. 

Wheeler, J. W. 

Whipple, C. H.. Maj. 

Whitcomb. E. H.. M. D 

White, A. W. 

White, W. G. 

Wickwire, A. M. 

Wilgus, W. J. 

Wilkes, L. D. 

Willis, J. W. 

Winchell, N. H. 

Wright, Chas. D. 


.Luddington, Mich. 

.U. S. A., Manilla, P. I. 

.U. S. A., Manilla. P. 1. 

.E. Shore, Cedar Lake, Minneapolis, Minn. 

Cor. Stevens Ave and 22nd St.. Minneapolis, Minn. 

.95 E. 4th St., St. Paul. Minn. 

.Nat. Ger.-Amer. Bank Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Nat. Ger.-Amer. Bank Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Virginia City, Mont. 

.1522 Fremont Ave. N., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Preston. Minn. 

.(West Pub. Co.) St. Paul, Minn. 

.Commercial Club, Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Crookston, Minn. 

.St. Paul, Minn. 

.199 E. 7th St., St. Paul, Minn. 

.Albert Lea, Minn. 

.Nat. Ger.-Amer. Bank Bldg.. St. Paul, Minn. 

.Globe Bldg., St. Paul. Minn. 

.Watertown. N. Y. 

.Plotel Aberdeen, St. Paul. Minn. 

.923 Summit Ave., St. Paul. Minn. 

.113 State St., Minneapolis, Minn. 

.Fergus Falls, Minn. 








































WEBB PUBLISHING COMPANY, PRESS 
SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA 





JOHN R. BROWN, Del. 



















♦The above is a photographic fac simile of the handwriting of Mrs. Albright, as it appears 
on the margin of our copy of the “Betsy Ross” flag. 















































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